We demonstrate a practical and efficient hybrid triboelectric-piezoelectric energy harvesting structure that consists of a nanopatterned and/or metal-deposited polymer film and a piezoelectric elastomeric sponge. When a polymer (here, polycarbonate (PC)) and an elastomer (here, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) make contact with and detach from each other, triboelectric energy can be harvested. In this case, the PC surface can be nanopatterned by continuous dynamic nanoinscribing and/or coated by a metal (here, Cu) layer for enhanced performance. When a piezoelectric material (here, lead zirconate titanate (PZT)) and sugar powder are mixed with PDMS, and the sugar is later dissolved, a porous piezoelectric elastomeric sponge (PES) can be fabricated. When a PC film and a PES make contact with and detach from each other, both triboelectric and piezoelectric energies can be simultaneously harvested. We systematically study the effect of PES and Cu thicknesses and dynamic nanoinscribed nanopattern on the energy harvesting performance of the hybrid triboelectric–piezoelectric nanogenerator (HTPENG). The performance of the HTPENG can be improved by using the PES of optimal thickness, and by applying the nanopattern and Cu layer. The HTPENG can be utilized in many systems where wireless self-powering is desired, such as wearable devices, flexible sensors, and skin electronics.