This study investigates the influence of operating diametral clearance on the performance of angular contact ball bearings (ACBBs). It examines critical factors affecting diametral clearance, including mounting conditions, external loads, temperature fluctuations, and rotational speeds. A novel model combining quasi-static and fit-up approaches is proposed to analyze the effects of operating diametral clearances on ACBB performance. This model incorporates key elements such as ball-race contact loads, interactions between the shaft and inner ring, interference fits between the housing and outer ring, centrifugal expansion of the rotating shaft and inner ring, and temperature-induced changes. Internal clearance variations are computed using the thick-ring theory. Simulations are conducted to predict ACBB characteristics under various fit-up conditions, including contact load distribution and stiffness, with results validated using commercial software. The study also explores the impact of various operating diametral clearances on ACBB performance under differing fitting conditions, external loads, and rotational speeds.
This paper presents an integrated thermo-mechanical model for analyzing angular contact ball bearings (ACBBs) operating under oil-jet lubrication. The proposed approach enables a comprehensive analysis of both the mechanical and thermal behavior of the ACBB system. The proposed formulation employs a quasi-static approach to accurately calculate contact loads and heat generation, taking into careful consideration variations in internal clearance resulting from factors such as surface pressure, centrifugal forces, and thermal expansion. For the thermal analysis, a refined thermal network model is utilized. The proposed thermal model incorporates a newly derived correlation for the drag coefficient under oil-jet lubrication, which is obtained through high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations. The validity of the proposed model is confirmed through comparison with experimental data. Furthermore, extensive simulations are conducted to investigate the impact of bearing fit-up and thermal variations on the performance of ACBBs.
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Study on the Effects of Operating Diametral Clearance Change on the Characteristics of Angular Contact Ball Bearings Patrick John Po, Gilbert Rivera, Jin-Hyeok Sa, Seong-Wook Hong Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(12): 997. CrossRef
Rolling bearing fatigue life is an essential criterion in industrial equipment design and manufacturing and requires precise maintenance and replacement predictions. ISO/TS 281:2007 and 16281:2008 are commonly used for angular contact ball bearing (ACBB) fatigue life calculations, but they do not account for the characteristics of individual bearing elements under combined loading conditions. This study proposes an enhanced formula for calculating fatigue life modification factors that considers individual element-specific contact loads and resulting film thickness variations. The proposed fatigue life formula provides longer life predictions than the conventional method of determining modification factors based solely on maximum contact loads. This difference is particularly noticeable in low-speed and/or heavy-loading applications. Analysis conducted using the proposed fatigue life formula on various factors affecting fatigue life revealed that fluid kinetic viscosity coefficients, temperature-associated density changes, and changes in radial loads and rotational speeds could significantly impact the fatigue life of ACBBs. The proposed fatigue life formula is expected to increase the accuracy of ACBB fatigue life predictions.
This paper presents an improved formulation, to estimate the sliding friction torque of deep groove ball bearings (DGBBs). Running torque of rolling element bearings, is directly associated with heat generation in rotating machines. Among the components of running torque, sliding friction is a major friction source in ball bearings. For DGBBs, sliding friction is dominated by spinning and differential sliding between balls and races. This paper addresses the sliding friction torque components of DGBBs: Spinning friction, differential sliding friction due to the ball rotation, and differential sliding friction due to the ball orbital motion. An efficient and accurate computational method is proposed for the individual sliding friction sources, based on pure rolling lines in the elliptical contact area between the balls and races. The proposed method applies an updating algorithm, for estimating more accurate information about the pure rolling lines. The proposed method was validated in terms of comparison with other methods, and with the empirical formulae provided by a bearing manufacturer. Simulations were also conducted to investigate the impacts of important parameters on the sliding friction torque in DGBBs.
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Study on Thermo-mechanical Modeling and Analysis of High-speed Angular Contact Ball Bearings Under Oil-jet Lubrication Gilbert Rivera, Shinhyang Park, Chan-sik Kang, Dongjoo Kim, Seong-Wook Hong Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(7): 569. CrossRef
Analytical formulation for sliding friction torque in cylindrical roller bearings Gilbert Rivera, Patrick John Po, Chan-sik Kang, Seong-Wook Hong Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology.2024; 38(9): 4669. CrossRef
Development of a Statically Balanced Lifting Device for Repetitively Transporting Construction Materials Byungseo Kwak, Seungbum Lim, Jungwook Suh Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(12): 929. CrossRef
Effect of Surface Roughness on the Friction Moment in a Lubricated Deep Groove Ball Bearing Harsh Kumar, Vaibhav Gupta, Velamala Bharath, Mayank Tiwari, Surajit Kumar Paul, Lokesh Agrawal, Arendra Pal Singh, Ayush Jain Lubricants.2024; 12(12): 443. CrossRef
Angular contact ball bearings (ACBBs) are widely used in rotating machinery due to their heavy load-carrying capacity and excellent accuracy in high-speed operation. However, employing an ACBB requires a careful analysis because the characteristics of the ACBB significantly depend on the operating condition. The ball-race contact condition of an ACBB is one of the most important factors that can change its properties. This study deals with the ball-race contact behavior concerning several important parameters, such as rotational speed, unloaded contact angle, and external loading. Between the ball and race under loading, an elliptical contact area is formed, in which pure rolling lines may exist. In the region other than the pure rolling lines, sliding dominates due to differential slippage in the elliptical contact area. We investigated the behavior of ball-race contact in terms of the pure rolling lines. A computational procedure was presented to determine the pure rolling lines. Through simulations, it was found that rotational speed, unloaded contact angle, axial preload, and radial load significantly affected the number and locations of pure rolling lines. The presented results are useful for investigating and estimating the sliding friction torque for ACBBs.
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Analytical formulation for sliding friction torque in cylindrical roller bearings Gilbert Rivera, Patrick John Po, Chan-sik Kang, Seong-Wook Hong Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology.2024; 38(9): 4669. CrossRef
Stiffness characteristics and experimental study of angular contact ball bearings considering the influence of rotational speed Runlin Chen, Fan Xu, Gengzhou Liu, Jiakai Li, Shaodong Zhao, Xingyu Fan, Yanchao Zhang, Saisai Lv Advances in Mechanical Engineering.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Study on Thermo-mechanical Modeling and Analysis of High-speed Angular Contact Ball Bearings Under Oil-jet Lubrication Gilbert Rivera, Shinhyang Park, Chan-sik Kang, Dongjoo Kim, Seong-Wook Hong Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(7): 569. CrossRef
Improved Formulation for Sliding Friction Torque of Deep Groove Ball Bearings Gilbert Rivera, Van-Canh Tong, Seong-Wook Hong Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2022; 39(10): 779. CrossRef
The importance of environmentally-friendly energy production has been growing globally, and studies on energy storage technologies are underway, to supply produced energy to consumers. Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) is physical energy storage technology, that stores generated electric energy into kinetic energy in the rotor. To design the FESS with a high-strength steel rotor, that is inexpensive, recyclable and easy to manufacture, mechanical and electrical components such as a rotor, bearings, etc. are required. Among these, safety of rotor and bearings is critical, because the rotor with high rotating speed may cause axis failure or fracture of the rotating body. Proper size of a rotor for required energy storage and radial, axial forces generated by the spinning rotor was calculated, considering gyroscopic forces acting on the rotating body. Based on the calculation, adequately sustainable angular ball bearings were selected. As a result, by conducting structural, modal and critical speed analysis, safety verification is presented pursuant to the American Petroleum Institute (API) publication 684.
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An Analytical Study on the Design of Housing Components for 10 kWh Flywheel Energy Storage System Deuk Kyu Lee, Beom Soo Kang Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2020; 37(1): 59. CrossRef
The vibration analysis of flexible rotor systems supported by angular contact ball bearings is presented. Vibration analysis of rotor-ball bearing systems has often been performed via simplification of supporting bearings as linear springs with constant stiffness. In this study, an improved model of rotor-ball bearing systems was proposed. It utilizes a general bearing model based on response and time-dependent bearing characteristics. The system equations of motion were established using the finite-element method and numerically solved using the Newmark-β method. The method was used to recalculate the bearing stiffness matrices at every interval of numerical integration as a function of the instantaneous bearing displacements using a separated five-degrees-of-freedom bearing model. The method was verified via comparison with experimental data available in the literature. The extended simulations were conducted to investigate the unbalanced responses of a rotor-ball bearing system using the proposed and conventional methods. Numerical results showed a meaningful discrepancy between the vibrational responses obtained by the proposed model using the response and timedependent bearing stiffness model and the traditional constant-stiffness model.
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Study on Thermo-mechanical Modeling and Analysis of High-speed Angular Contact Ball Bearings Under Oil-jet Lubrication Gilbert Rivera, Shinhyang Park, Chan-sik Kang, Dongjoo Kim, Seong-Wook Hong Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(7): 569. CrossRef
This paper presents an analysis of the stiffness and fatigue life of double-row angular contact ball bearings (D-ACBBs). To this end, a comprehensive quasi-static model was developed for D-ACBBs subjected to five degree-of-freedom (DOFs) loading and displacement. The model was verified by a commercial computational program. A rigorous numerical investigation was performed, based on the developed model regarding the effects of external load, rotational speed, axial clearance, bearing arrangement, and angular misalignment on the stiffness and fatigue life of the D-ACBB. The D-ACBB was subjected to negative axial clearance and yielded improved performance in terms of fatigue life and stiffness. The effect of angular misalignment on the bearing fatigue life was found to be significantly dependent on the amount of axial clearance. The moment stiffness of the D-ACBB in a back-to-back arrangement was higher than the face-to-face arrangement owing to the increased effective load center distance, whereas the radial stiffness and fatigue life were almost unchanged for back-to-back and face-to-face arrangements.
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Enhanced Fatigue Life Estimation Formula for Angular Contact Ball Bearings Subjected to Combined Loading Jin Hyeok Sa, Gilbert Rivera, Chan-Sik Kang, Seong Wook Hong Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(3): 231. CrossRef
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