With the recent development of 3D printing technology, various 3D printing materials have been developed and used. To utilize 3D-printed products with mechanical parts, studies on friction and wear characteristics according to relative motion between materials are required. However, tribology studies on 3D-printed materials are limited compared to those of the existing materials for mechanical parts. In this study, the frictional and wear characteristics are identified through a reciprocating wear test in non lubricated conditions between the Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) printed in the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method. In the wear test between the same materials, the friction coefficient and wear rate were higher in the PLA than in the PETG, and PLA was deposited on the block due to high frictional heat. In the wear test of the PLA block and PETG bump, the wear of the PLA block decreased compared to the wear test between the same materials, but the wear of the PETG bump tended to increase. Therefore, it seems that the 3D-printed PETG may be more advantageous in terms of friction and wear than 3D-printed PLA during relative movement in a non lubricating condition.
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Tribological Properties of Fused Deposition Modeling-Printed Polylactic Acid and PLA-CF: Extrusion Temperature and Internal Structure Paweł Zawadzki, Justyna Rybarczyk, Adam Patalas, Natalia Wierzbicka, Remigiusz Łabudzki, Băilă Diana, Fodchuk Igor, Bonilla Mirian Journal of Tribology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Applications in Additive Manufacturing Selim Ahamed Shah, In Hwan Lee, Hochan Kim International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing.2025; 26(9): 2463. CrossRef
Recently, the demand for electric vehicles is intensively increasing in accordance with environmental issues in automotive industries. Given that noise level from the electric vehicles is significantly lower than that from conventional vehicles with internal combustion engine, noise management has become more critical. Conventionally, glass run channel (GRC) is used to block the noise and contaminants from outside of vehicle. In this work, the friction and degradation characteristics of GRC with thermoplastic vulcanizate substrate were assessed. The tests were performed using the reciprocating tribo-tester developed to replicate the contact sliding between GRC and window glass. Also, the test conditions were determined in consideration of operating condition of GRC. As a result, the plastic deformation of the lips due to creep and wear of the slip coating deposited on the lip surface were found to be major degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, it was shown that the friction and degradation increased significantly due to the misalignment between GRC and window glass, associated with the significant increase in the reaction force. The results of this work provide fundamental understanding of the degradation characteristics of GRC, and therefore are expected to be useful for the design of GRC with improved performance.
The linear motion guideway (LM guide) is one of the key parts of precision motion and positioning, and it requires high straightness, form accuracy, stiffness, and surface quality. LM guides are actively used in manufacturing facilities for automobiles, aerospace, optics, semiconductors, robots, displays, and portable communication equipment. At present, most of LM guides are based on rolling contact, using either balls or rollers. Roller LM guides have been in high demand in recent years in various industrial fields that require high rigidity. In this study, the friction characteristics of ball and roller LM guides with the same rail width were compared, and friction behavior was analyzed. An experimental setup consisting of a driving unit, specimen, force sensor, and signal acquisition unit was constructed, and signals were collected under various conditions. Three lubrication conditions were used: no lubrication (dry surface), ISO-VG 32, and 68, and a wide feed-rate range from 1 to 100 mm/s was selected. The experimental results showed that the ball LM guide and the roller LM guide had significantly different friction characteristics, which were analyzed from the aspect of Stribeck curve components. In conclusion, friction behavior differed according to lubrication conditions in the no-payload state of the ball and roller LM guides, and the effect of lubrication conditions on friction behavior was shown.
For the hydraulic cylinder system of construction equipment to function normally, the hydraulic oil should not leak under high pressure, and the leakage begins with various seals of damage. The frictional heat caused by the reciprocating motion inside the cylinder increases the temperature of the oil, which affects the aging of the seal materials inside the cylinder, thereby accelerating seal damage. The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of reducing heat generation by applying umbrellatype micro-dimples on the surface of a wear ring, and to find out the performance according to changes in shape and density of the dimples. Dimples were manufactured by injection molding and the core for injection was made by profile grinding processing. The structural safety of the wearing with dimples was examined by structural analysis, and the temperature changes of the dimple were measured during pin-on-disc friction experiments. It was confirmed that the dimple was effective in reducing the amount of heat generated, and the heat generation decreased as the size and density of the dimple increased.
This paper presents an improved formulation, to estimate the sliding friction torque of deep groove ball bearings (DGBBs). Running torque of rolling element bearings, is directly associated with heat generation in rotating machines. Among the components of running torque, sliding friction is a major friction source in ball bearings. For DGBBs, sliding friction is dominated by spinning and differential sliding between balls and races. This paper addresses the sliding friction torque components of DGBBs: Spinning friction, differential sliding friction due to the ball rotation, and differential sliding friction due to the ball orbital motion. An efficient and accurate computational method is proposed for the individual sliding friction sources, based on pure rolling lines in the elliptical contact area between the balls and races. The proposed method applies an updating algorithm, for estimating more accurate information about the pure rolling lines. The proposed method was validated in terms of comparison with other methods, and with the empirical formulae provided by a bearing manufacturer. Simulations were also conducted to investigate the impacts of important parameters on the sliding friction torque in DGBBs.
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Study on Thermo-mechanical Modeling and Analysis of High-speed Angular Contact Ball Bearings Under Oil-jet Lubrication Gilbert Rivera, Shinhyang Park, Chan-sik Kang, Dongjoo Kim, Seong-Wook Hong Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(7): 569. CrossRef
Analytical formulation for sliding friction torque in cylindrical roller bearings Gilbert Rivera, Patrick John Po, Chan-sik Kang, Seong-Wook Hong Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology.2024; 38(9): 4669. CrossRef
Development of a Statically Balanced Lifting Device for Repetitively Transporting Construction Materials Byungseo Kwak, Seungbum Lim, Jungwook Suh Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(12): 929. CrossRef
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The incremental sheet forming (ISF) process is a method of forming a metal sheet with a machine tool, such as a CNC or robot arm. In this study, the surface characteristics of the ISF process using the ball type tool and the conventional hemispherical tool were analyzed. Comparative experiments were conducted with the same size of the hemispherical tool and ball type tool. In experiments, the tool feed rate and spindle were fixed, and the step down was set up with seven levels. The surface profiles and roughness such as Ra and Rz after the ISF process with different values of the step down were compared. Additionally, the surface morphologies were analyzed through the scanning electron microscope. A ball type tool which can move and roll, can reduce the effect of friction effectively. As a result, the ISF process with a ball type tool can greatly reduce the damage of the surface of the product.
The need for automated material handling inside the factory has been steadily increasing, especially due to implementation of intelligent manufacturing for better productivity and product quality. Automated material handling devices include logistics robots, automated guided vehicles, industrial robots, collaborative robots, and pick-and-place devices. This study focuses on the development of a low-cost logistics robot that works effectively within a simulated smart factory environment. A nominal PID controller is implemented to guide the robot to follow the line painted on the factory floor. The tracking error information is generated by four down-facing infrared sensors and is fed into the controller. The line-following performance is significantly improved with augmentation of a model-based friction compensator. Optimization of battery power depending on the remaining charge status enhances the reliability. All hardware/software development is supported by the Arduino platform. The step-by-step movement and performance of the logistics robot is verified inside the simulated smart factory environment that includes a robot arm, three conveyors, and two processing stations.
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Path Planning and Trajectory Tracking for Automatic Guided Vehicles Yongwei Tang, Jun Zhou, Huijuan Hao, Fengqi Hao, Haigang Xu, Rahim Khan Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
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Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) is a wafer planarization process that uses chemical reactions initiated by slurry and mechanical actions by pad asperity. The progression of CMP causes temperature deviation on the pad surface. Increase in process temperature results in increased material removal rate (MRR). So, pad temperature distribution is closely related to With-In Wafer Non-Uniformity (WIWNU). In this study, the pad temperature distribution is modelled from the energy perspective and slurry supply location is suggested to reduce temperature deviation. An energy supplying expression was created by setting the micro area and substituting the applied pressure, relative velocity, and process time. The energy and temperature distributions were observed as quite consistent and the temperature peak matched well with highest friction heat point (HFHP). Based on the model expression, the slurry injection position was set to the center of pad, the HFHP and wafer center, and change in temperature distribution was measured. A comparative analysis was carried out employing the existing method that uses multiple nozzles rather than single nozzles and the deviation was reduced by about 18.5% when slurry was supplied to the HFHP for a single nozzle and by 24.7% when the largest flow rate was supplied for multiple nozzles.
With the development of 3D printing technology, its applications are expanding. However, 3D printed parts present a challenge in achieving high-quality surface roughness because of stair stepping problems. With the recent application of 3D printing in electronics and the visibility of flow in microfluidic systems, high-quality surface roughness is needed. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), one of semiconductor fabrication processes, has the longest planarization length in terms of productivity among existing planarization methods. In this study, we investigate friction characteristics of polishing of ABSLike resin material printed by the Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA). At the polishing of ABS-Like resin, the friction force has a high value at the beginning of polishing, but it stabilizes as processing progresses because of the effect of waviness on the printed material. The surface roughness (Sa and Sz) reduction and the glossiness of ABS-Like resins after polishing appear to be related to the reduction of the Shore D hardness resulting from the rise in the polishing process temperature caused by friction during polishing.
Recently, as the interest in 3D printing technology has increased, many efforts have been initiated to apply 3D printing technology to various industrial fields. The 3D printing technology is also widely applied in medical, electronics, and apparel industries. Many studies on 3D printing have focused on equipment and material development. However, to use 3D printed components, it is necessary to understand friction and wear phenomenon that will occur during relative motion between two bodies. In this study, friction and wear characteristics of ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)-like resin printed with the SLA (Stereo Lithography Apparatus) method were studies by using pin-on-disk and ball-on-disk methods. We also compared friction and wear characteristics between ABS-like resin-SUS304 and ABS-like resin-ABS-like resin. As a result, the relative motion between the ABS-like resin and SUS304 showed lower friction coefficient and wear amount than between the ABSlike resins. Markedly high frictional heat was observed because of the friction by the relative motion between the ABS-like resins. Experimental results show that further research on suitable lubricants is required to use 3D printed ABS-like resin parts as mechanical components.
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A Study on the Wear Phenomena of PLA and PETG Materials for 3D Printing in Non-lubricated Condition Yonsang Cho, Hyunseop Lee Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(2): 145. CrossRef
Effect of Frictional Characteristics on Surface Roughness and Glossiness in Polishing of ABS-Like Resin Jungyu Son, Hyunseop Lee Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2020; 37(11): 797. CrossRef
Actuators for exoskeleton robots comprise various types such as electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic and it is necessary to apply the correct actuator according to the purpose. Most exoskeleton robots mainly use electric actuators, and some special-purpose robots, such as for heavy-load transport requiring large force, use hydraulic actuators. In this paper, friction of the actuation module consisting of a harmonic drive and a brushless DC motor is measured through experiments. And the friction characteristics of the actuation module are analyzed. The harmonic drive transmission system has various advantages, but it also has hysteresis and nonlinear friction characteristics. The friction compensation control of the actuation module enables precise control of the exoskeleton robot, and improves the robot’s performance. Appropriate friction model selection and design affects friction compensation performance. In this study, static and dynamic friction models are designed and analyzed based on the friction data of the actuation module.
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Method for Radial Stiffness Measurement of Strain Wave Gear Flexspline Sangwoong Lee, Daegwon Koh, Jong-Geol Kim, Murim Kim Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(12): 923. CrossRef
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The solid state dissimilar joining of mild steel and aluminum 5052-O alloy is successfully achieved by friction stir welding (FSW). The 2 mm thick sheets are butt welded using a convex scrolled tool made of tungsten carbide. With a constant weld speed of 75 mm/min, two different tool at rotation speeds of, 800 and 1000 rpm, were employed to determine the feasibility of the joint formation. Macroscopic observation of the cross section confirmed the formation of a sound FSW joint. However, the formation of an intermetallic in the Stir Zone (SZ) is also observed for the both sets of process parameters. Comparatively, better material mixing is observed when the parameters are set at, 1000 rpm and 75 mm/min respectively. The hardness test revealed the presence of three distinct hardness zones in the SZ for the two parameter sets.
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Impact of varying tool position on the intermetallic compound formation, metallographic/mechanical characteristics of dissimilar DH36 steel, and aluminum alloy friction stir welds Pardeep Pankaj, Avinish Tiwari, Pankaj Biswas Welding in the World.2022; 66(2): 239. CrossRef
As environmental and energy issues increase, energy efficiency is of great significance in the automobile industries. Drag torque of a wet clutch in an automatic transmission system is one of the causes of energy loss. In this work, the drag torque characteristics of a wet clutch as a function of rotational speed was experimentally investigated with respect to the test parameters such as automatic transmission fluid (ATF) temperature and flow rate, clearance between friction disk and separator, and the number of disks in the test system, using two different friction materials. Drag torque was found to decrease with increasing ATF temperature as a result of the decrease in viscosity. Also, drag torque decreased as the clearance between friction disk and separator increased. In addition, the drag torque increased along with the delay in the generation of maximum drag torque as the ATF flow rate increased. Furthermore, it was observed that drag torque increased with the increase in the number of disks in the test system. The drag torque characteristics as a function of rotational speed may be dependent on the friction materials. The results obtained from this work may aid in the design of wet clutch system to enhance performance.
The objective of this study was to address the parameter estimation of the line-of-sight stabilization system on temperature variation, which is a significant element in regulating the control performance of mobile platform with visual targeting system. To this end, the LuGre friction model in this study was used both to represent the characteristic of the friction behavior and to design a control algorithm for the friction compensation. Results from both simulation and experimental tests helps to identify the friction parameters on LuGre friction model. Based on LuGre with parameter estimation, PI-LEAD control algorithm is designed to compensate nonlinear characteristic of the line-of-sight stabilization system on the variation of temperature. Finally, through simulation, the good control performance of line-of-sight stabilization system was evaluated according to the temperature variation.
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Performance Analysis of Gimbal-Servo System Based on Temperature Variation Jaeheon Jeong Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology.2025; 28(5): 545. CrossRef
In this paper, we focus on the numerical modeling of the reliability of the self-piercing rivet process. Tensile tests were conducted on SPR joining Al (ECO Al7021-T7) specimens. In addition, a 2D axisymmetric FE model was generated to characterise the SPR joining process on the extruded Al sheets. The simulations were carried out using the LS-DYNA, one of the representative explicit finite element codes. A tensile simulation of the riveted two Al plates was performed to investigate the tensile behaviour of self-piercing rivet parts. An FE analysis results showed comparatively good agreement with experiments.
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