This study presents results of Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis conducted to evaluate performances of various functional products developed for smart bathroom systems. The primary objective was to analyze the efficiency of space heating, direct drying, and dehumidification functions in a winter bathroom environment. Representative bathroom models in South Korea were selected and detailed CFD simulations were performed on these models. Results showed that bathtub models exhibited higher efficiency overall in space heating and dehumidification than shower booth models. This was attributed to differences in bathroom structure and internal air flow. Additionally, the direct drying function showed higher efficiency in bathtub models, determined by the placement of air outlets and inlets. This study provides essential foundational data that can contribute to the design and enhancement of smart bathroom systems' functionality, offering valuable insights for the development of optimized smart bathroom products.

The objective of this study was presented with a prediction on the alignment of cementite in pearlite lamella structure of high carbon steel by means of finite-element method(FEM) simulation. Pearlite structure was characterized by its nano-sized microstructure feature of alternation ferrite and cementite. FEM simulations were performed based on a suitable FE model describing the boundary conditions and the material behavior. With the alignment of lamella structure in high carbon pearlite steel wire, material plastic behavior was taken into account on plastic deformation and alignment of cementite. The effects of many important parameters(reduction in area, semi-die angle, initial angle of cementite) on wire drawing process were predicted by DEFORM-2D. As the results, the possibility of wire fracture could be considerably reduced and the productivity of final product could be more increased than before.

Traditional forging of a hollow T-shaped part has been applied to forge a solid T-shaped product from a solid billet and then to machine the hollow in that. In a case, a hollow T-shaped part can be forged by backward-extruding from a solid billet. In this study, four types of forging were suggested for manufacture of hollow T-shaped parts. Forging simulations for each of these forging methods were carried out to investigate folding defect, metal flow pattern, effective strain, and forging loads. Experimental works were carried out to be compared with the simulation results. Here, the ratio of the thickness of the hollow tube to that of the flange was selected to investigate a forging defect like folding.