Laser-induced graphene (LIG) fabrication technology, introduced by the James Tour group at Rice University in 2014, has been extensively explored for various applications. These applications include physical sensors such as bending, temperature, and touch sensors; chemical sensors like gas and pH sensors; and energy storage devices, particularly micro-supercapacitors (MSCs). Additionally, theoretical studies utilizing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been conducted to investigate the LIG formation mechanism. However, the carbonization and graphitization of organic materials are complex and spatially non-uniform, making complete mechanistic interpretation difficult. Most existing research has primarily focused on chemical and materials science aspects, with practical process optimization using commercial laser systems largely limited to simple variations in laser power and scan speed. There is a lack of systematic studies addressing broader laser-parameter modulation. In this study, we systematically varied laser parameters—including power, scanning speed, pulse width, repetition rate, line spacing, and defocusing—and comprehensively evaluated the resulting electrical, physical, and chemical properties of LIG formed on wood substrates. The results provide insights into how graphene quality varies with laser processing conditions and demonstrate a versatile approach for controlling performance through laser modulation.

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) presents a promising route toward next-generation smart textiles by enabling direct patterning of conductive materials onto textiles through a single-step laser writing process. In particular, femtosecond laser-based fabrication offers high-resolution processing without damaging substrates. This review summarizes LIG formation mechanisms, laser manufacturing parameters, physical/chemical characteristics, electrical, thermal, and optical properties of LIG. Furthermore, it categorizes representative applications including biosignal monitoring, energy storage, thermal regulation, optical absorber, and extraterrestrial adaptability, all based on textile-integrated LIG. With its porous morphology, high conductivity, and structural versatility, LIG offers outstanding multifunctionality for smart textile applications. Future research should explore precise functional tuning of LIG through laser parameter optimization, accurate characterization of LIG, and advanced smart textile applications.