Despite the importance of the usage stage in life cycle assessment (LCA), there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the usage stage modeling. Based on the literature review, this paper establishes a general framework of the usage stage modeling by redefining existing models and proposing new models. The proposed computational framework can provide the overview of the current research as well as lead researchers and practitioners to consider proper modeling techniques. The framework includes the representative usage scenario method, usage context modeling, and time series usage modeling. Also, future research directions are suggested with the proposed computational framework.
In this study, optimum design algorithm for composite ship structures is applied to a 52-ft. yacht to conduct comparative analyses by life cycle assessments, through which a material design method is proposed to cope with environmental regulation of the ship. Through the case study, the weight of the ship was reduced, and life cycle assessments of the original and lightweight vessels were performed using SimaPro 8. Weight was reduced by 10.47%. Also, at ‘In Production’, global warming and ozone layer depletion indicators decreased by 26.3 and 42.9%, respectively. At ‘In Use’, global warming and ozone layer depletion indicators decreased by 3.81%, with the ship operating for 20 years. Environmental impact of unit weight glass fiber and resin (raw materials used in composite structures) were compared. It was found that resin has higher impact on global warming and ozone depletion than glass fiber by factors of two and eight, respectively. Consequently, it was confirmed that a material design that preferentially reduces content of resin improves the eco-friendly performance of the composite ship.
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