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젊은 성인과 고령자의 외란에 반응하는 동적 균형 분석

Analysis of Dynamic Balance Against Perturbation in Young and Elderly Subjects

Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2018;35(1):47-51.
Published online: January 1, 2018

1 건국대학교 의학공학부

2 건국대학교 BK21+ 의공학연구소

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#E-mail: gmeom@daum.net
• Received: November 17, 2017   • Revised: December 24, 2017   • Accepted: December 26, 2017

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

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  • The purpose of this study was to analyze dynamic postural balance against tilting perturbation in the young and the elderly. Twenty-eight young subjects and 22 elderly subjects participated in this study. Subjects performed dynamic balance test on a force plate during tilting perturbations (tilt-up and tilt-down). As outcome measures, peak distance and velocity were calculated from center of pressure (COP). Two-way ANOVA were performed for the outcome measures with the independent factors of age and gender. COP peak distance of the elderly was significantly greater than that of the young (p < 0.05). Velocity of COP showed age difference (p < 0.001) and also interaction effects only in tilt-up perturbation (p < 0.05). Especially, age-related difference existed in only women (p < 0.001). The age-related changing of women in the dynamic balance may be related to the greater fall rate of elderly women.
고령자 낙상은 1/3 이상이 매년 경험하고 있으며 골절 등 상해를 유발하여 일상생활 활동 능력뿐 아니라 삶의 질을 저하시키는 심각한 문제이다.1-3 특히, 고령자 여성의 낙상은 남성에 비해 10-49% 더 많은 것으로 보고되고 있다.4-6
자세 균형 능력의 저하는 낙상의 주요 위험 요소 중 하나로서 많은 연구들에서 낙상 경험자들이 비경험자들에 비해 자세 균형이 불안정하다는 것을 보고하고 있다.7-10 이러한 자세 균형 능력을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 많은 연구들에서 힘판(Force Plate)으로부터 산출된 인체의 압력 중심(Center of Pressure, COP)을 이용하여 인체 동요의 크기 및 속도 등을 나타내는 다양한 파라미터들이 사용되어 왔다.11,14
최근에, 고령자 여성의 높은 낙상율이 자세 균형 능력의 저하와 관련이 있는지 알아보기 위해 연령 및 성별에 따라 자세 균형 능력의 차이가 존재하는지 조사하였다. Kim 등은 젊은 성인과 고령자를 대상으로 정적(Static) 서기 자세에서 균형 능력을 측정하였고, 여성에서만 연령에 따른 좌우 동요의 크기가 더 커지고 빨라져 고령자 여성에서 ML (Medio-Lateral) 방향을 제어하는 균형 능력이 유의하게 감소해 있음을 보고하였다.11 하지만, 이 연구는 정적인 상태에서만 균형 능력을 측정하였고, 동적(Dynamic) 자세 균형 능력을 고려하지 못한 제한점이 있다. 고령자 낙상은 주로 동적인 상태에서 발생하기 때문에 정적인 상태의 균형 능력 평가뿐 아니라 동적 자세 균형 능력의 평가도 시행되어야 한다. 실제로, 낙상은 실내에서보다 실외에서 더 빈번히 발생한다는 보고가 있다.12,13 최근에, 연령과 성별에 따른 일어서기 앉기 동작 중 발생하는 인체의 동요에 대한 차이가 조사된 바 있지만,14 이 연구는 자발적인 동적 균형 능력만 측정되었다는 제한점을 가지고 있다. 낙상은 주로 예기치 못하는 외란에 의해 적절한 반응을 하지 못하였을 때 발생하기 때문에 외란에 반응하는 동적 균형 능력을 측정하는 것이 중요하다.
외란에 반응하는 균형 능력에 관한 몇몇 연구들이 있었다. Kim 등은 고령자를 대상으로 전후 방향 미끄러짐 외란에 반응하는 자세 제어 능력을 조사하였고,15 Maeda 등은 젊은 성인을 대상으로 전후뿐 아니라 좌우 외란에 반응하는 자세 제어 전략을 근전도 분석을 통해 조사하였다.16 또한, Nonnekes 등은 전후 방향의 외란에 반응하는 자세 제어 전략의 차이에 대해 조사하였다.22
하지만, 이 연구들은 외란에 반응하는 동적 자세 제어 능력의 연령 및 성별 효과는 시도되지 못하였다. 외란에 반응하는 자세 균형 능력은 고령자 여성이 남성에 비해 더 저하되어 있을 가능성이 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 기울임 외란을 인가하였을 때 반응하는 동적 자세 균형 능력에 대해 연령 및 성별 그리고 연령과 성별의 상호작용을 조사하고자 한다.
2.1 피험자
28명의 젊은 성인(남: 15명, 여: 13명)과 22명의 고령자 (남: 11명, 여: 11명)들이 본 연구에 참여하였다(Table 1). 연령과 BMI에서 남성과 여성들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다(p > 0.25). 피험자들은 지팡이나 의지 착용 없이 스스로 보행이 가능한 사람으로 선별되었고, 자세 제어 영향을 줄 수 있는 당뇨병, 신경계 및 근골격계통의 질환자들은 본 연구에서 제외되었다. 본 연구는 연구윤리위원회 승인과 피험자들의 동의를 받은 후 수행되었다.
Table 1

Comparison of measured roughness data

Table 1
Subject Age [years] Height [cm] Weight [kg]
Young men (n = 15) 22.0 (2.5) 174.9 (6.0) 70.1 (7.9)
Young women (n = 13) 21.2 (1.4) 163.7 (2.8) 55.6 (5.3)
Elderly men (n = 11) 77.8 (4.6) 161.7 (8.2) 66.3 (11.3)
Elderly women (n = 11) 76.4 (5.6) 150.3 (4.4) 58.1 (6.8)
2.2 동적 자세 균형 평가
Fig. 1은 기울임 외란(Tilting Perturbation)에 반응하는 동적 균형 능력을 평가하는 시스템을 나타내고 있다. 로드셀(SM605-100k, MS Cell Corp., Daejeon, Korea) 을 이용하여 힘판을 개발하였고 힘판은 서보 모터에 의해 Tilt-Up과 Tilt-Down 두가지 방향으로 기울임 외란이 발생하도록 제작되었다. 인체의 COP를 산출하기 위해 마이크로프로세서에 의해 로드셀 신호를 1k Hz의 샘플링 주파수로 입력을 받았고 최종적으로 RS485를 통해 PC로 전달되도록 개발하였다. 외란에 반응하는 자세 균형 평가시 피험자들의 안전을 확보하기 위해 하네스가 장착되었다.
Fig. 1

Evaluation of dynamic postural balance in the elderly using tilting perturbation system

KSPE_2018_v35n1_47_f001.jpg
Fig. 1과 같이 피험자들은 하네스를 착용한 채 본인에게 편안한 발 너비로 힘판 위에 서서 정면모니터를 주시하며 안정적인 자세로 서 있을 것을 지시 받았다. 그리고 피험자들이 예상하지 못하는 시점에 기울임 외란이 발생하도록 하였다. 기울임 외란의 속도는 10 deg/sec로 설정하였고 Tilt-Up과 Tilt-Down 외란이 각각 1회씩 인가되도록 하였다. 피험자들은 기울임 외란에 반응하여 가능하면 넘어지지 않고 안정적으로 균형을 유지하도록 지시 받았다. 또한, 정확한 균형 능력을 측정하기 위해 하네스에 몸을 지탱하지 말고 낙상 위험시에만 지탱하도록 설명하였다. 균형 평가는 총 3회 실시하였고 1회 평가 후 약 10분간 휴식을 취하도록 하였다. 외란에 반응하여 균형을 유지하는 동안 COP가 측정되었다. 두가지 분석지표가 AP (Anterio-Posterior)방향의 COP로부터 산출되었다. 안정적인 상태의 COP 위치로부터 외란에 의해 이동되는 COP의 최대 이동거리(Peak Distance)가 산출되었다. 그리고, 인체의 동요 속도를 나타내는 COP 속도가 산출되었다. 모든 분석지표들은 3회 측정한 결과값을 평균하였다.
통계 분석 방법으로서, 두가지 분석지표들에 대해 연령과 성별의 주효과(Main Effect) 뿐 아니라 상호작용을 평가하기 위해 이원량 분산분석(Two-Way ANOVA)이 사용되었다. 연령과 성별의 상호작용이 유의한 경우 사후 검증(Independent T-Test)을 실시하였다. 유의 수준은 p < 0.05로 설정하였고 모든 통계 분석은 SPSS VER. 16 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA)이 사용되었다.
Fig. 2는 COP의 최대 이동거리 결과를 나타내고 있다. Tilt-Up과 Tilt-Down 모두에서 고령자의 최대 이동거리가 젊은 성인보다 유의하게 컸다. 남성과 여성의 유의한 차이가 없었고, 연령과 성별의 상호 작용 또한 유의성이 없었다.
Fig. 2

The results of COP peak distance

KSPE_2018_v35n1_47_f002.jpg
Fig. 3은 COP의 속도를 나타내고 있다. 최대이동거리와 마찬가지로 두 외란에서 모두 고령자의 COP 속도가 젊은 성인에 비해 유의하게 빨랐고 남성과 여성의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 반면에, Tilt-Up 외란에서 연령과 성별의 상호작용 효과가 있었고 (p < 0.05), 특히, 사후 검증 결과 여성에서만 COP 속도가 연령에 따라 유의하게 빠른 것을 확인할 수 있었다.
Fig. 3

the results of COP velocity

KSPE_2018_v35n1_47_f003.jpg
본 연구에서는 젊은 성인과 고령자들을 대상으로 기울임 외란에 반응하는 동적 균형 능력을 평가하여 연령 및 성별 효과와 그 상호작용을 조사하였다.
일반적으로 피험자들은 외란에 반응하여 인체의 무게 중심(Center of Mass)이 앞 혹은 뒤로 기울어지면서 균형이 무너지고 이를 안정화시키기 위해 발목의 저측 굴곡 모멘트(Plantar Flexion Moment) 혹은 배측 굴곡 모멘트(Dorsi Flexion Moment)를 발생 시켜 원래의 안정적인 상태로 균형을 회복하는 과정을 겪게 된다.16 즉, 전후 방향의 기울임 외란에 발목 근육이 중요한 역할을 하며 이러한 자세 제어 전략을 발목 전략(Ankle Strategy)이라고 한다. 본 연구 결과에서 고령자의 최대 이동거리가 컸던 것은 고령자의 약화된 근력과 길어진 반응 시간과 관련이 있을 가능성이 있다. 예를 들어, Tilt-Down 외란에 반응하여 고령자들은 저측 굴곡 힘이 약화되어 있고 근육 및 신경들의 반응 시간도 느려져 젊은 성인들보다 무게 중심이 앞으로 더 많이 이동했을 것으로 생각된다. 실제로, 고령자는 젊은 성인과 비교하여 전운동시간(Pre-Motor Time)17뿐 아니라 관절 모멘트를 발생시키는 지연 시간19이 길고, 발목 근력도 약화18,19되어 있다는 보고가 있다. 즉 고령자의 약화된 발목 근력, 느려진 전운동 시간과 관절 모멘트 발생 지연시간은 외란에 의해 균형이 무너진 후 발목 근육의 수축 시간뿐 아니라 실제 모멘트를 발생시키는 시간까지 지연 시켜 결과적으로 더 많은 무게 중심 이동이 발생하게 하였을 가능성이 있다. 또한, 고령자의 COP 속도가 컸던 것은 이러한 균형이 회복되는 과정에서 안정화를 위해 전후방향으로 많은 인체 동요가 발생하여 결과적으로 COP 속도가 더 컸을 것으로 예상된다.
Tilt-Up 외란에서 COP 속도는 연령과 성별의 상호작용이 존재하였고(p < 0.05), 특히, 여성에서만 연령 효과가 존재하였다(p < 0.01). 이것은 고령자 여성이 외란에 반응하여 자세를 유지하거나 회복하는 과정에서 안정화시키기 위해 COP를 빠르게 변동시켰을 가능성을 시사하며 Tilt-Up 외란에 반응하는 여성의 동적 자세 균형 능력이 나이가 들면서 저하되었음을 의미한다. Tilt-Up 외란에서만 여성의 연령 효과가 존재하였던 것은 외란의 방향과 관련이 있을지 모른다. 실제로, 파킨슨병(Parkinson’s Disease) 환자들이나 진행핵상 마비(Progressive Supranuclear Palsy) 환자들과 같은 균형 장애 환자들의 동적 균형 평가시 후(Backward)방향으로 발생하는 외란에 반응하는 균형 능력이 더 불안정하다고 보고된 바 있다.20,21 또한, Nonnekes 등은 외란의 전(Forward)방향과 후방향에 반응하여 뇌의 서로 다른 신경 회로들이 자세 제어에 적용된다는 것을 밝혔다.22 유독 여성에서만 Tilt-Up 외란에 의해 연령 효과가 보인 것은 여성이 상대적으로 Tilt-Up 외란에 반응하는 균형 회복 전략이 나이가 들면서 남성과 비교하여 달라졌을 가능성이 있다. 이러한 결과들은 고령자 여성의 높은 낙상율과 관련이 있을 가능성이 있으며, 더 자세한 기전은 앞으로 연구에서 밝힐 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
본 연구는 동적 균형 능력 평가에 대해 연령 효과뿐 아니라 성별 효과 그리고 연령과 성별에 대한 상호작용까지 조사하였고 고령자 여성이 특정 외란에 반응하여 저하된 균형 능력을 보인다는 것을 밝힌 것에 의의가 있다. 하지만, 본 연구는 연령 및 성별에 따른 균형 전략의 차이에 대한 원인을 밝히기에는 한계가 있다. 앞으로의 연구에서, 근전도 검사 및 다양한 운동 기능 검사들을 본 동적 균형 능력 평가와 함께 시행하여 본 연구 결과에 대한 다양한 고찰이 추가적으로 병행될 수 있어야한다. 또한, 본 연구는 낙상이 보행 중 장애물 등에 의해 빈번히 발생하기 때문에23 좌우 방향보다는 전후 방향에 대한 외란 실험이 우선 수행되었다. 하지만, 낙상은 다양한 조건의 외란에 의해서도 발생하기 때문에 전후 방향뿐 아니라 좌우 방향과 같이 다양한 방향의 외란 실험이 수행되는 것이 요구된다.
기울임 외란에 반응하여 젊은 성인과 고령자의 동적 균형 능력이 평가되었다. 고령자는 외란에 반응하여 젊은 성인에 비해 더 큰 COP 최대 이동거리를 보였다. Tilt-Up 외란에서, 남성에서는 연령 효과가 존재하지 않았던 반면에 여성에서는 고령자가 젊은 성인에 비해 빠른 COP 속도를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과들은 정상인의 균형 전략의 기전과 균형 장애 환자들의 재활 치료를 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Science (2015R1D1A1A01060411, 2014R1A1A2057508).
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Analysis of Dynamic Balance Against Perturbation in Young and Elderly Subjects
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2018;35(1):47-51.   Published online January 1, 2018
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Analysis of Dynamic Balance Against Perturbation in Young and Elderly Subjects
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2018;35(1):47-51.   Published online January 1, 2018
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Analysis of Dynamic Balance Against Perturbation in Young and Elderly Subjects
Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Evaluation of dynamic postural balance in the elderly using tilting perturbation system
Fig. 2 The results of COP peak distance
Fig. 3 the results of COP velocity
Analysis of Dynamic Balance Against Perturbation in Young and Elderly Subjects
Subject Age [years] Height [cm] Weight [kg]
Young men (n = 15) 22.0 (2.5) 174.9 (6.0) 70.1 (7.9)
Young women (n = 13) 21.2 (1.4) 163.7 (2.8) 55.6 (5.3)
Elderly men (n = 11) 77.8 (4.6) 161.7 (8.2) 66.3 (11.3)
Elderly women (n = 11) 76.4 (5.6) 150.3 (4.4) 58.1 (6.8)
Table 1 Comparison of measured roughness data