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한국의 3D 프린팅 최신 연구 동향

최성종1, 배용환2, 이인환3, 김호찬4,#orcid

Latest Research Trends of 3D Printing in Korea

Sung Jong Choi1, Yong Hwan Bae2, In Hwan Lee3, Hochan Kim4,#orcid
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2018;35(9):829-834.
Published online: September 1, 2018

1 안동대학교 신뢰성교육연구센터

2 안동대학교 기계교육학과

3 충북대학교 기계공학부

4 안동대학교 기계자동차공학과

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#E-mail: hckim@anu.ac.kr, TEL: +82-54-810-5269
• Received: June 28, 2018   • Revised: July 30, 2018   • Accepted: July 30, 2018

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

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  • 3D printing technology was developed in the early 1990s, and continues to grow to the present day. Globally, 3D printing technology developed as processing technology, but now progresses to various application technologies. Korea had an initial interest in overseas 3D printing technology, but the first prototype industries were limited. Recently, 3D printing technology has been attracting attention as a future technology, and the interest of people and research have been greatly increased. In Korea, it is known that many researches related to 3D printing are performed recently. However, it is true that research on the quantitative counting of specific research fields and analysis has not been sufficiently reviewed. Therefore, this paper introduces study results to understand trends of 3D printing research in Korea and to extract the mainstream fields, focusing on the articles published in Korean journals. This paper shows various indexes, such as the number of papers per year, as well as research fields and tendency of increases and decreases calculated and introduced with this topic.
  • KEYWORDS: 3D Printing, Research trends, Additive manufacturing
  • KEYWORDS: 3D 프린팅, 연구동향, 적층가공
1987년 3D System사에서 최초로 광조형장치(Stereolithography Apparatus, SLA)를 개발하여 판매하기 시작한 이래로 3D 프린팅 산업은 꾸준히 빠른 속도로 발전하고 있다.1 3D 프린팅 공정과 그 응용기술에 관한 연구 역시 꾸준히 증가하고 있다.2 3D 프린팅은 절삭, 주조, 단조 등 기존의 제조기술과는 달리 재료를 추가함으로써 제품을 생산하는 기술로, 생산을 위한 공정계획 등의 전문화된 작업이 완전 자동화가 가능할 것으로 기대되어, 4차 산업혁명에서 제조기술의 보편화와 자동화 등을 이룰 수 있는 핵심기술로 주목받고 있다. 3D 프린팅은 적층조형(Layered Manufacturing, LM) 제조의 기술을 사용하므로 기존의 제조기술들이 크게 발전하지 않은 나라에서도 제조기술 선진국 들과의 큰 격차 없이 경쟁할 수 있는 분야로 기대되어 많은 후발 국가들이 이 기술의 개발을 위하여 매진하고 있다.
한국은 3D 프린팅 기술이 선보인 1990년대 초반에서부터 관심을 가지고 산업체와 학계에서 기술을 벤치마킹하거나 연구하기 시작하였다. 그러나, 해당 시기에는 3D 프린팅 기술을 적용할 수 있는 주요 범위가 시제품의 제작에 한정되어 있어 크게 발전하지 못하였다. 이후 2012년 세계경제포럼과 2103년 오바마 미국 대통령의 연두기자회견 등을 거치면서 3D 프린팅이 제조혁신을 위한 핵심기술로 주목되어 국내에서는 이 기술의 중요성을 모두가 다시 인식하여 활발한 연구개발이 이루어지고 재도약하는 계기가 되고 있다.
연구가 많이 이루어지고 있다는 것은 학술대회의 발표로 보아 분명하지만 그 수량과 주요 관심분야를 구체적으로 조사한 연구보고는 매우 드물다. 그러나, 이러한 동향의 조사 및 분석은 이제까지의 국내 연구동향을 재 점검함은 물론, 향후의 진행 추이를 전망할 수 있도록 할 수 있다. 나아가 이러한 전망을 통하여 향후의 연구 개발분야에서 주력이 될 만한 사업들을 발견하는 등의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.
2.1 조사 대상
3D 프린팅은 ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials) F42위원회에 의하여 Additive Manufacturing로 정의되어 있으며 한국어로는 부가제조에 해당한다. 그러나 일반적으로 종이 프린터와 같은 제조의 편리성에 착안하여 3D 프린팅 또는 3D 프린터로 널리 사용된다. 또한 관련기술은 Table 1에 나타내는 것과 같이 7종의 제조방식으로 분류되었으며, 사용하는 소재(원료), 장치구성 및 구동방식에 각각 특화 되어 있다.
Table 1

Additive manufacturing categories as ASTM-F42

Table 1
Category Description
Binder jetting Liquid bonding agent selectively deposited to joint powder
Material jetting Droplets of build materials selectively deposited
Powder bed fusion Thermal energy selectively fused regions of powder bed
Direct energy deposition Focused thermal energy melts materials as deposited
Sheet lamination Sheet of material bonded together
Vat photopolymerization Liquid photopolymer selectively cured by light activation
Material extrusion Material selectively dispended through nozzle or orifice
특히 2000년대 이후 10년간의 기술확립 기간을 거치고, 2010년부터 발전기에 진입한, 금속소재를 이용하는 3D 프린팅 관련장치 및 응용기술이 미국, 일본, 독일, 중국 등을 중심으로 비약적으로 발전하고 있다. 최근에는 3D 프린팅 장치와 가공장비를 일체화함으로서 소량 다품종 특성을 가자지는 고기능성 첨단제품의 효율적인 생산을 시도하고 있는 실정이다.
본 연구에서는, 최근(2014년 이후)의 국내 3D 프린팅 관련기술의 연구논문 데이터를 조사하여 전문분야별, 주제별, 학회 및 학술지 별로 분류하여 연구동향을 분석하고자 하였으며, 이러한 검토를 통하여 국내 3D 프린팅 관련 연구의 현황을 파악하고자 하였다.
조사를 위한 검색엔진은 DBpia (http://www.dbpia.co.kr)를 이용하였으며, 검색어 및 검색조건은 Table 2에 나타내는 것과 같다.
Table 2

Retrieval conditions and results

Table 2
Keyword [3D Printing] OR [3D 프린팅]
Research fields DBPia classification
Searching
conditions 		Type 전자저널
Years 2014.01.01 - 2018.06.10
Classification 자연과학, 공학, 의약학, 건축, 디자인, 복합학
Journal type 학술저널
Language 한국어, 영어
Items 217 papers (2018.6.10)
Related
keywords 		3d 프린팅, 3D Printing(3차원 프린팅), 3d print, 3D printing(3D 프린팅), 3d Additive Manufacturing(적층 가공), 3D 프린팅(3D Printing), 3d printing, 3차원 프린팅, 3d printing 연구
2.2 분류 및 분석
모든 논문은 발행연도를 기준으로 하여, 연도별로 분류하고, 주요 연구내용에 따라 (1) 소재, (2) 공정 및 장치, (3) 시스템 및 소프트웨어, (4) 응용 및 기타와 같이 4종류로 분류하였다.
또한 분야별 분류에 있어서는, 발행주체(학회) 명 및 발행지 명을 기준으로 하여, 공학(13개 학회지 또는 논문집), 의료-재활-치과(4개 학회지 또는 논문집), 토목-건축(5개 학회지 또는 논문집), 소재(3개 학회지 또는 논문집), 디자인-의상(5개 학회지 또는 논문집), 정보-멀티미디어(6개 학회지 또는 논문집), 과학기술정책(3개 학회지 또는 논문집), 기타 8분야로 구분하여 집계 후 분석하였다.
3.1 정량조사
위의 검색조건으로 검색된 전체 논문 수는 217건이었으며, 연도별로 발표건수는 Fig. 1의 그래프 내에 표시 것과 같이 증가하는 추세를 보이고 있었다.
Fig. 1

Number of journal papers in 2014-2018

KSPE_2018_v35n9_829_f001.jpg
2010년 이후 해외 연구동향으로는, 폴리머/복합소재를 대상으로 하는 3D 프린팅 관련기술 연구뿐만 아니라 금속소재를 대상으로 하는 연구개발이 활발하게 진행되고 있으며, 제작 및 가공을 일체화 하는(3D printing + CNC Machining) 연구 및 장비가 개발/시판되고 있다. 그러나 장비가격이 대당 10억원이 넘는 고가인 관계로 국내에서는 아직 활성화 되고 있지 않은 상황이어서 이 분야 연구가 정체되고 있다고 추측된다.
Fig. 2에는 연구 주제별로 분류한 결과를 나타낸다. Fig. 2(a)는 각 연도마다의 주제별 논문 수 구성을 보여 주고 있으며, Fig. 2(b)는 4종류로 분류된 각 주제별 논문의 전체논문에 대한 비율을 나타내고 있다. 3D 프린팅 기술을 적용하여 시제품을 개발하는 응용 및 기타 연구가 55.8%로 거의 과반을 차지하고 있었다. 3D 프린팅 분야의 핵심기술로 볼 수 있는 장비 및 공정개발 관련기술, 소프트웨어 및 시스템 개발 관련 연구도 2014년 이후 가파르게 증가하고 있으며, 각각 17.0%, 11.5%를 차지하고 있었다. 이러한 핵심기술 분야의 연구 활성화는 국내 3D 프린팅 기술의 세계적 경쟁력 확보를 위하여 매우 바람직한 현상이라 판단된다. 또한 응용연구와 동반하여, 프린팅 조건 및 프린팅 경로 등에 따른 소재의 물성 및 특성평가 등에 관한 소재 관련 연구도 15.7%를 차지하고 있었다.
Fig. 2

Number of journal papers and ratios on research fields

KSPE_2018_v35n9_829_f002.jpg
Fig. 3에는 논문집 발행 주체 및 학회를 8개 분야별로 구분하여 분석한 결과를 나타내고 있으며, 정밀, 기계, 자동차, 가공학회를 중심으로 하는 13개 학회지 및 논문집이 차지하는 공학분야 비율이 48.9%로 가장 높았다.
Fig. 3

Number of journal papers and ratios on field of study

KSPE_2018_v35n9_829_f003.jpg
그 다음으로는 디자인-의상, 정보-멀티미디어, 재료-소재, 의-치-약학, 토목-건축 분야 순으로 나타났다. 디자인-의상 분야의 경우는, 제품의 개발단계에서 이루어지는 시제품 등, 다품종 소량생산이 강하게 요구되는 분야의 특성이 반영되고 있다고 판단된다. 개인별로 형상이 달라 3D 프린팅 적용 시 효용성 매우 클 것으로 기대되어 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있는, 의-치-약학분야의 연구가 토목-건축, 재료-소재 분야보다 적은 것은, 국내 의공학 분야 연구 기반이 소규모이고 상대적으로 지원이 부족하기 Ž때문으로 판단되나, 치과 및 정형외과의 경우에는 향후 비약적인 발전이 기대된다.
Fig. 4에는 공학분야 논문(106건)의 연도별, 연구 주제별 분포 및 동향을 나타내고 있다. 제품개발에 3D 프린팅 적용에 관한 응용 및 기타 연구가 37.7%로 가장 많으며, 다음으로 공정 및 장치에 관한 연구가 20.3%, 시스템 및 소프트웨어 개발 관련 연구가 19.8%, 소재 관련 연구가 14.2%를 차지하고 있었다. 3D 프린팅 기술의 핵심이라고 할 수 있는 공정 및 장치, 시스템 및 소프트웨어 관련연구를 합하면 40.1%로 비교적 높은 점유율을 보이고 있었다. 이러한 사실은 공학분야에서 발표되는 논문의 상당수가 3D 프린팅 관련 핵심적 기술분야를 연구하고 있다고 볼 수 있으며, 이 분야의 세계적 경쟁력 확보 및 국내 기술발전을 위하여 매우 바람직한 현상이라고 판단된다.
Fig. 4

Number of journal papers and ratios on study field of engineering

KSPE_2018_v35n9_829_f004.jpg
Fig. 5에는 현재 3D 프린터가 상업적으로 많이 활용되고 있는 공학분야와 의-치-약학분야의 논문(3D 프린팅 기술 응용의 주요 분야인 공학분야 106건, 의-치-약학분야 논문 27건, 합계 133건)에 대한 연도별, 연구 주제별 분포 및 동향을 제시하였다. 전체 217건에 대하여 공학분야가 48.9%, 의-치-약학분야는 12.4% 정도를 차지하며, 합계 133건의 경우 약 61.3% 정도가 되어, 이 두 분야의 3D 프린팅 관련연구가 국내 연구의 과반 이상임을 알 수 있다. 이 경우에 있어서도 연구 주제별로 분류하면, 3D 프린팅 기술의 핵심이라고 할 수 있는 공정 및 장치, 시스템 및소프트웨어 분야가 각각 22.5% 및 17.4%로서 합하면 약 39.9%를 차지하고 있었으며, 매우 바람직한 상황이라고 판단된다. 다음으로 제품 생산에의 적용에 관한 응용 및 기타 분야가 37.6%를 차지하고 있었다.
Fig. 5

Number of journal papers and ratios on study field of engineering, medical and material

KSPE_2018_v35n9_829_f005.jpg
Fig. 6에는 최근 국내 및 해외의3D 프린팅 분야에서 가장 경쟁적으로 연구되고 있는 것으로 추정되는 분야별 비교를 제시하였다. 즉 실제 산업 부품의 금속 소재를 적용한 금속 3D 프린팅 분야, 환자와 환부에 따라 다른 맞춤형 제조가 가능하여 다품종소량 생산에서 가장 효율적으로 기대되는 의료-치과 분야, 그리고 항공기 엔진 터빈 블레이드 및 로켓 엔진부품3 등과 같은 항공우주 분야 대형 소량생산 첨단부품 분야 논문을 별도로 분류하여 검토한 결과(금속 프린팅 분야 35건, 의료-치과 분야 27건, 항공우주 분야 1건)를 나타낸다. 금속 프린팅 연구논문은 35건으로, 공학분야 논문 106건의 약 33.0%를 차지하고 있었으며, 또한 전체 논문 217건에 대해서는 16.1%로서 3D 프린팅에의 금속소재 적용에 관한 연구가 국내에서도 활발하게 진행되고 있음을 시사하고 있었다.
Fig. 6

Number of journal papers on research field of aerospace, medical and 3D metal printing

KSPE_2018_v35n9_829_f006.jpg
향후, 첨단 자동차 분야, 의료-치과 분야를 중심으로 한 관련 연구가 확산될 것으로 기대된다. 그러나, 항공우주 분야에서의 논문 건수를 보면 거의 발표되고 있지 않는 것으로 나타나고 있으나, 이러한 결과는 항공우주 분야의 기술정보보호 정책 혹은 연구가 활발하지 않았기 때문으로 추정된다.
3.2 주요 응용 기술
이 절에는 본 조사를 거치면서 국내에서 활발히 연구되고 있으며 향후 산업적으로 영향이 클 것으로 기대되는 몇 몇 요주 응용 분야를 소개하고자 한다.

3.2.1 고기능성 금형제작

사출금형 및 핫스탬핑(Hot Stamping)4 금형은 고온에서 사용되기 때문에 제품의 정밀도 및 안정성, 금형의 내구성, 작업의 효율성 등을 위해서는 최적의 냉각수로 설치가 필수적이다. 그러나 기계가공을 기본으로 하는 기존의 가공방법으로는 자유곡선형의 냉각수로를 금형 내에 가공 및 설치하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 소재를 용융시켜 적층으로 쌓아 올리는 3D 프린팅 기법에 착안하여, 이러한 금형 내에 자유형상의 수로를 설치함으로써 최적의 냉각 효과를 가지는 고기능성 금형을 제작하려는 연구가 국내에서도 진행되고 있다.5-7
초기에는 사출금형 개발에서 출발하였으나, 최근에는 다이캐스팅 금형, 열간 프레스금형, 열간 단조금형 및 핫스탬핑 금형의 개발과 같이 점차 고온금형의 개발 경쟁이 세계적으로 확대되고 있는 상황이며,8 소재개발, 공정개발, 후 가공 기법개발 등 관련연구가 진행되고 있다. 특히 1.5 GPa 급 이상의 초고장력강판의 핫스탬핑 금형개발 연구는 국내 자동차산업의 경쟁력 확보뿐만 아니라 광범위한 산업영역에 영향을 미칠 것으로 기대된다.

3.2.2 고성능 자동차 부품 제작

적층제조라는 기법이 가지는 장점에 착안하여, 절삭가공, 주조, 용접 등과 같은 기존 제조 공정기술의 한계를 넘어서는 고기능성 및 고성능 자동차 부품 제조기술을 확보하고자 하는 노력이 다방면에서 이루어지고 있다. 특히, 미국, 일본, 유럽을 중심으로 하는 자동차제조 선진국에서는 엔진 부품, 트랜스미션 부품, 보디 및 차체 부품, 냉각계통 부품, 각종 플라스틱 부품 등 자동차 부품 전반의 제조공정을 재검토하고 3D 프린팅 기술 적용을 통한 기술혁신이 경쟁적으로 이루어지고 있다. 최근에는 국내에서도 금속소재를 이용한 자동차 부품 제작에 관한 연구가 진행되고 있으며,9-12 향후 전기자동차를 중심으로 하는 친환경 자동차 부품개발에의 적용 확산을 위해 많은 연구가 수행될 것으로 추정된다.

3.2.3 의료-치과 분야의 응용

소량 다품종으로 환자 맞춤형이라는 특성이 강하게 요구되는 의료-의공-치과 분야에서는 3D 프린팅 기술이 가지는 특징 및 장점과 부합하는 점으로부터 주목을 받으며, 3D 프린팅 기술의 도입단계부터 국내외에서 많은 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 환자에게 최적의 치수와 형상이 요구되는 인공 뼈 및 인공관절, 치과 교정용 마우스피스(Mouthpiece), 수술용 서지컬 가이드(Surgical Guide) 및 인공치아, 두개골, 대퇴부 등과 같은 의료용 임플란트(Implant) 뿐만 아니라 재활 및 보조기구에 이르기까지 다양한 분야가 연구되고 있으며, 국내에 있어서는 치과분야 연구에 치우친 경향이 있으나 상용화 단계에 도달하고 있다고 추정된다.13-15
국내 3D 프린팅 관련기술의 연구동향 및 현황을 파악하기 위하여, 국내 저널 논문의 학회지 및 논문집별, 전공분야별, 연구 주제별로 검색하고 분류하여 분석하였다. 3D 프린팅 기술에 관한 국내의 전반적인 연구동향은, 공학분야를 중심으로 하는 연구가 해외 선진국과 거의 동일한 수준으로 이루어지고 있다고 판단된다. 그러나 의료분야 연구는 치과용 임플란트, 보철기구 및 인공 치아 관련 연구에 편중되어 있었으며, 인공장기 및 인공 뼈 등 보다 광범위한 분야의 연구가 요구되는 상황으로 추정된다. 특히, 항공우주 분야에 있어서는 기술보호정책의 영향이 예상되지만, 발표된 문헌 수만으로 보면, 관련연구는 극소수로 판단되며, 향후 정책적인 고려가 필요하다고 판단된다.
이 논문은 2017년도 정부(미래창조과학부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(No. NRF-2017R1A2B4009386).
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Latest Research Trends of 3D Printing in Korea
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2018;35(9):829-834.   Published online September 1, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2018.35.9.829
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Latest Research Trends of 3D Printing in Korea
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2018;35(9):829-834.   Published online September 1, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2018.35.9.829
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Latest Research Trends of 3D Printing in Korea
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Fig. 1 Number of journal papers in 2014-2018
Fig. 2 Number of journal papers and ratios on research fields
Fig. 3 Number of journal papers and ratios on field of study
Fig. 4 Number of journal papers and ratios on study field of engineering
Fig. 5 Number of journal papers and ratios on study field of engineering, medical and material
Fig. 6 Number of journal papers on research field of aerospace, medical and 3D metal printing

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Latest Research Trends of 3D Printing in Korea
Category Description
Binder jetting Liquid bonding agent selectively deposited to joint powder
Material jetting Droplets of build materials selectively deposited
Powder bed fusion Thermal energy selectively fused regions of powder bed
Direct energy deposition Focused thermal energy melts materials as deposited
Sheet lamination Sheet of material bonded together
Vat photopolymerization Liquid photopolymer selectively cured by light activation
Material extrusion Material selectively dispended through nozzle or orifice
Keyword [3D Printing] OR [3D 프린팅]
Research fields DBPia classification
Searching
conditions 		Type 전자저널
Years 2014.01.01 - 2018.06.10
Classification 자연과학, 공학, 의약학, 건축, 디자인, 복합학
Journal type 학술저널
Language 한국어, 영어
Items 217 papers (2018.6.10)
Related
keywords 		3d 프린팅, 3D Printing(3차원 프린팅), 3d print, 3D printing(3D 프린팅), 3d Additive Manufacturing(적층 가공), 3D 프린팅(3D Printing), 3d printing, 3차원 프린팅, 3d printing 연구
Table 1 Additive manufacturing categories as ASTM-F42
Table 2 Retrieval conditions and results

Table 1

Table 2

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