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응력 집중 저감을 위한 머드 모터 커넥팅 로드 설계 개선에 관한 연구

정훈성1,2, 박상우1,2, 김민규3, 장석수3, 김형익1,#orcid

A Study on the Improvement of the Connecting Rod Design of the Mud Motor to Reduce the Stress Concentration

Hoon sung Chung1,2, Sang Woo Park1,2, Min Kyu Kim3, Suk Soo Jang3, Hyung-ick Kim1,#orcid
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2022;39(4):277-282.
Published online: April 1, 2022

1 한국생산기술연구원 동남본부

2 경상국립대학교 기계공학부

3 산동금속공업㈜

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#E-mail: hikim@kitech.re.kr, TEL: +82-55-924-0109
• Received: October 10, 2021   • Revised: January 21, 2022   • Accepted: February 7, 2022

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

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  • Ground drilling technology for drilling has an environment where the major parts are prone to damage due to high stress, torque, and harsh operating conditions that can occur in the rotary power transfer structure. Research for preventing this damage is very important, as it can be coupled with the nature of drilling operations that take a long time in operation, which can lead to enormous cost and time consumption. Previous work investigated the cause of damage by analyzing the working environment and breakage of drilling holes for connecting rods, and a power transfer component of directional mud motors used in ground drilling systems. The material properties by heat treatment conditions for applied materials were analyzed. Based on prior work, we evaluated whether the stress concentration part shown in the analysis results matched the actual damage occurring point by conducting a structural analysis of the connecting rod, a damaged part, using the finite element analysis. We also analyzed how to reduce the stress concentration phenomenon that occurs during the mud motor operation by conducting part shape and design changes between the connecting rod and key parts.
  • KEYWORDS: Directional drilling, Structural analysis, Stress distribution, Finite element method, Failure analysis
  • KEYWORDS: 방향성 드릴링, 구조해석, 응력 분포, 유한요소법, 파손 분석
석유시추 작업에 많이 적용되는 3차원 방향성 드릴링 기술은 지하 목표 지점까지 로터리 모드(Rotary Mode) 및 슬라이딩 모드(Sliding Mode)를 적절히 활용하여 천공 각도인 도그 래그(Dog Leg)를 확보함으로써 드릴링 방향을 의도하는 방향으로 3차원적 경로 제어가 가능한 기술이다. 이러한 기술은 상업적인 비전통 자원개발에 있어서 아주 중요한 기술로 자리 잡고 있으며, 지하 에너지 개발, 파이프라인 지하 시공 증가 등으로 수요가 증가하는 추세에 있다[1]. 본 기술에는 대표적인 드릴링 시스템의 추진체인 머드 모터(Mud Motor)가 사용되며, 머드 모터의 구성 요소 중에는 자동차와 건설기계의 드라이브 샤프트와 같이 회전체 동력 전달 역할을 하는[2] 커넥팅 로드(Connecting Rod)가 주요 부품에 해당한다. 머드 모터를 비롯한 대부분의 기계 장치의 경우 장기간 작동이 불가피한 경우가 많기 때문에, 샤프트와 같이 반복적인 응력을 받는 부품은 장기간 작동에 따른 균열로 인한 심각한 파손이 발생할 여지가 있으며[3], 파손에 의한 비용, 시간, 인명피해 등이 유발될 수 있다.
이전 연구에서는 방향성 시추장비 시스템의 동역학적 구조해석을 통해 머드 모터를 포함한 Drill String 전체를 회전시켜 직진성과 굴진율을 높일 수 있는 로터리 모드와 Power Section을 통해 동력을 드릴 비트(Bit)에 전달하여 머드모터의 Bend Angle에 의한 도그 래그를 확보하는 슬라이딩 모드 운전 조건에서의 구조 건전성을 검토하였다[4,5].
따라서, 본 연구에서는 3차원 방향성 드릴링 추진체의 개발 중 시제품 테스트에서 발생한 커넥팅 로드의 손상에 대해 육안 파손분석을 진행하여 파손 유형 및 발생 원인에 대해 조사하고, 추정되는 파손 발생 모델을 기반으로 모델링한 기본 모델 및 설계변수를 적용한 모델을 이용한 유한요소해석을 통해 파손 발생 원인으로 추정되는 응력 집중부에 대한 저감 방안에 대해 연구하였다.
2.1 머드 모터 작동 구조 분석
방향성 드릴링 추진체 시스템의 전체 구조는 Fig. 1과 같이 지하 드릴링 파이프 끝부분에 장착되어 추진체 역할을 하는 머드 모터와 실시간 위치 파악을 위한 장치인 MWD (Measurement While Drilling)로 나눌 수 있다. 추진체인 머드 모터는 역할에 따라 크게 Power Section, Transmission Section, Bearing Section으로 구분할 수 있다. Power Section은 드릴 파이프를 통해 전달된 유체의 압력 에너지를 기계적 에너지로 변환시켜 드릴 비트의 회전을 발생시키는 모터의 일부이며, Transmission Section은 로터 하단부에서 Power Section에 의해 발생된 회전 및 토크를 베어링 및 샤프트로 전달한다. Bearing Section은 축, 반경 방향의 하중을 지지하며 Transmission 샤프트로부터 전달받은 토크 및 회전 속도를 드릴 비트로 전달하는 역할을 수행한다. 이처럼 머드 모터의 동력 전달 구조는 지상의 머드 펌프에서 이송된 이수(Drilling Fluid)가 드릴 파이프 내부를 관통하고 머드 모터의 스테이터(Stator)를 따라 이송되며 머드 모터 내부의 로터(Rotor)를 회전시키게 된다. 이러한 회전력은 Transmission Section을 통해 회전에너지로 변환되어 Bearing Section으로 전달, 최종적으로 전달된 회전력이 드릴 비트를 회전시키며 굴진을 하게 되어 시추 작업이 가능해진다.
Fig. 1

Structure of directional drilling system (Modify)

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f001.jpg
2.2 커넥팅 로드 구조 분석
앞선 설명에서처럼 커넥팅 로드는 Fig. 2와 같이 머드 모터 Transmission Section에 속하는 주요 부품으로 Power Section에서 발생한 동력을 Bearing Section으로 전달하는 회전 동력 전달 부품이다. 커넥팅 로드의 전체적인 형상은 Fig. 2와 같이 로드에 키 부품을 장착하기 위한 키-웨이(Key-Way)가 존재하며, Power Section으로부터 전달된 회전동력이 키 부품을 통하며 커넥팅 로드를 회전 시켜 Bearing Section으로 동력이 전달된다. 키-웨이는 커넥팅 로드의 Power Section부와 Bearing Section부에 각각 4구역씩 총 8구역이 가공되어 있으며, 각 키-웨이의 방향은 동력 전달을 위하여 기준선을 중심으로 180o 형태로 교차한 형태로 설계되어 있다.
Fig. 2

Connecting rod geometry analysis (Modify)

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f002.jpg
2.3 커넥팅 로드 육안 파손 분석
시제품 테스트 중 발생한 손상 분석을 위해 육안 파손 분석을 진행하였다. 커넥팅 로드의 키-웨이부의 파손된 부분의 형상은 Fig. 3과 같다. 파손부의 위치는 키-웨이부 하단에서 Power Section부 4구역과 Bearing Section부 4구역, 총 8구역 모두에서 발견되었다. 파손 유형은 국부적 소성 변형으로 판단되며, 본 파손부 이외의 크랙이나 기타 파손부는 발견되지 않았다. 또한, 키-웨이 평면부를 기준(Fig. 2의 화살표 시점)으로 관찰한 파손부 고저차 분석을 진행하여 Fig. 4와 같이 도시하였다. 손상 및 변형된 부분의 고저차 분석 결과에서는 Power Section에 해당하는 파손부의 평균 높이는 4.7 mm이며, Bearing Section부에 해당하는 파손부의 평균 높이는 6.3 mm로 나타났다. Power Section부에 해당하는 파손부가 Bearing Section부보다 상대적으로 낮은 것이 관찰된 것이다. Power Section에 해당하는 파손부의 파손 양상은 부품 소재의 손, 망실과 마모가 동반되어 높이가 낮게 나타난 것으로 판단되며, Bearing Section부는 거친 면과 파손부위의 높은 고저차가 존재한다. 이는 회전 동력원으로 부터 1차적으로 에너지가 전달되는 Power Section부에 가해진 응력이 Bearing Section부보다 상대적으로 높아 발생한 현상으로 판단된다.
Fig. 3

Shape of failure parts

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f003.jpg
Fig. 4

Photograph of height analysis of failure area

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f004.jpg
2.4 기본 모델 구조 해석
방향성 드릴링 추진체 Transmission Section의 설계도를 바탕으로 한 모델링을 기본 모델로 설정하여 이를 활용한 구조해석을 진행함으로써 육안 파손 분석 결과와 비교 분석을 진행하였다. 구조해석에 사용된 모델은 Fig. 5와 같이 Power Section부와 Bearing Section부의 내부형상은 설계 그대로 반영을 하고, 외부형상을 단순화시킨 Section 연결부 모델을 캡(Cap)이라 명명하여 Power Section부를 Cap (L), Bearing Section부를 Cap (R)로 설정하고, Fig. 6과 같이 키 부품을 장착한 커넥팅 로드 모델 양 끝단에 적용 후 해석을 진행하였다.
Fig. 5

Cap part detail modeling

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f005.jpg
Fig. 6

Shape of normal model and mesh information

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f006.jpg
커넥팅 로드에 사용된 소재는 Cr-Mo 합금강인 AISI 4140이 사용되었다. AISI 4140은 뛰어난 강도, 내마모성, 인성 등으로 인하여 다양한 기계 부품에 사용되는 소재이다[6]. 해석에 적용된 물성은 Table 1과 같이 참고문헌[7]의 기초자료를 활용한 물성을 적용하였다.
Table 1

Mechanical properties of AISI 4140

Table 1
AISI 4140 Mechanical properties
Tensile strength [MPa] 1,020
Yield strength [MPa] 910
Density [kg/m3] 7,850
Young’s modulus [MPa] 200,000
Poisson’s ratio 0.3
Fig. 6과 같이 모델의 요소 타입은 8절점 6면체 요소를 사용하여 해석의 정확도를 높였으며, 요소 품질을 확인한 크기 설정으로 해석값이 가장 정확한 해에 근접하도록 설정하였다. 이때 유한요소 모델의 절점 수는 74,409개, 요소 수는 277,296개로 설정하였다.
해석의 경계 조건은 Fig. 7과 같이 Bearing Section부의 캡 형상인 Cap (R)에 모든 방향으로의 자유도를 구속하는 완전 고정 상태인 Fixed Support 조건을 부여하였으며[8,9], 동일 부위에 변위 제어(Displacement) 조건을 (Free, Free, 0 mm)로 적용하여 z-축으로의 움직임을 제한하였다. 또한, 머드 모터 작동 시 작동 응력을 적용하기 위해 Power Section부의 캡 형상인 Cap (L)에 Moment를 모터 작동 Peak Torque 값인 10,264 Nm로 설정하였다[10]. 접촉 조건은 Table 2에 나타내었다. 키와 키-웨이는 Bonded 조건을 설정하여 완전 접합 조건을 부여하였으며, 캡과 키, 캡과 커넥팅 로드는 No Separation 조건을 부여하여 미끄러짐은 허용하되 이탈되지 않도록 설정하였다.
Fig. 7

Boundary condition of connecting rod

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f007.jpg
Table 2

Connection status of connecting rod

Table 2
Part Connections
Cap-Key No separation
Cap-Connecting rod No separation
Key-Connecting rod Bonded
기본 모델 구조해석 결과에 따른 응력 분포를 Fig. 8에 나타내었다. 키 부품과 캡 형상이 접촉하는 부위에서 높은 응력 분포가 나타났으며, Power Section부의 키-웨이 4구역에서 응력 집중부가 관찰되었다. Power Section부의 최대 응력 분포는 1,041 MPa로 부품 소재의 항복강도인 910 MPa보다 높은 것이 관찰되었다. 따라서, 커넥팅 로드의 파손 원인을 항복강도를 넘어서는 응력으로 인한 국부적 소성 변형으로 판단하였다. 다음으로 기본 모델 응력 분포도와 실제 파손부를 비교 분석하여 Fig. 9에 도시하였다. 해석 결과에서 나타난 응력 집중부의 위치와 실제 파손부와 유사한 위치인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 해석 결과의 유효성을 확인하여 기본 모델 해석 결과를 토대로 설계 변수를 적용한 구조해석을 진행하였다.
Fig. 8

Stress distribution of normal model

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f008.jpg
Fig. 9

Comparison of structural analysis results and failure parts

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f009.jpg
3.1 섹션 연결부 형상 변경 구조 해석
기본 모델 구조해석에서 커넥팅 로드의 섹션 연결부의 단순화 모델링인 캡 형상과 키 부품의 사이 접촉부 접촉 면적이 적은 것으로 확인되었다. 응력은 접촉 면적에 반비례하므로[11], 해당 형상이 응력 집중부 형성에 영향을 줄 것으로 판단하여 캡 내부의 접촉 형상을 키 부품의 기울기와 동일한 형상으로 접촉 길이를 변경함으로써 기본 모델보다 접촉 면적이 커지도록 설계 인자를 설정하였다. 설계 인자는 Fig. 10과 같이 10, 30, 70, 100%로 총 4종의 접촉 면적 증가 모델로 설정하였으며, 해석 결과와 기본 모델 해석 결과를 최종적으로 비교 분석하였다.
Fig. 10

Increasing model of contact area with (a) 10, (b) 30, (c) 70, and (d) 100%

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f010.jpg
3.2 섹션 연결부 형상 변경 구조 해석 결과
Fig. 11과 같이 구조해석에 따른 결과를 커넥팅 로드의 응력 분포도로 나타내었다. 10% 접촉 면적 증가 모델은 Power Section 부의 응력 분포가 200 MPa로 기본 모델 대비 약 80%의 응력 분포 감소가 관찰되었으며, 소재 항복강도인 910 MPa를 초과했던 기본 모델의 결과와 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 응력 분포 또한 커넥팅 로드의 키 결합 부분 전반에 걸쳐 넓게 분포되어 있었으며, 특이한 응력 집중부는 관찰되지 않았다. 접촉 면적이 증가함에 따라 소재 항복 강도보다 낮은 응력 분포가 나타났지만, 10% 접촉 면적 증가 모델에 대비 높은 응력 분포가 나타났으며 응력 집중부 또한 관찰되었다.
Fig. 11

Stress distributions of contact area modification model for the connecting rod part

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f011.jpg
기본 모델(10%) 및 섹션 연결부 형상 변경 모델의 응력 분포를 종합하여 Fig. 12에 그래프로 나타내었다. 육안 파손 분석에서 관찰되었던 것과 유사하게 Power Section부에서 상대적으로 높은 응력 분포가 나타났으며, 접촉 면적을 증가시켰을 때의 응력감소효과도 높은 것으로 나타났다. 캡 형상의 키 접촉부 접촉 면적 증가와 응력 저감이 선형적으로 비례하는 결과가 나타나지는 않아 향후 설계 변경 및 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다[12].
Fig. 12

Stress distributions of contact area modification model for the connecting rod part

KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_f012.jpg
본 연구에서는 국내에서 최초로 진행된 시추용 육상 드릴링 머드 모터의 시제품 테스트 중 커넥팅 로드에서 발생한 파손에 대해 파손 분석 및 원인 고찰을 진행하여 섹션 연결부 형상 변경을 적용한 유한요소해석을 통해 응력 집중 저감 효과에 대해 분석하였으며, 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다.
커넥팅 로드의 육안 파손 분석을 통해 확인된 손상 부위와 유한요소해석 결과로 얻어진 응력 집중부인 키-웨이 하단 연결부위가 유사하게 판정되었다. 이러한 응력 집중부의 저감을 위해 섹션 연결부의 접촉 면적을 증가시켜 최대 80%의 응력 감소 효과를 확인하였다. 접촉 면적 증가를 통해 부품 소재의 항복강도보다 낮은 응력 분포를 확인하였으나 선형적인 관계는 확인되지 않아 향후 진행 시 이에 대한 고려가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.
드릴링 머드 모터를 사용하는 시추에 관한 연구는 국내에서는 생소한 분야이며, 시추 작업에 연결되는 여러 장비와 설비, 나라와 지역, 지질에 따라 다양한 변수를 갖게 된다. 따라서 향후에는 이러한 환경적 요인에 대한 연구 또한 중요할 것으로 판단된다.
본 연구는 2022년도 국토교통부의 재원으로 국토교통 과학기술진흥원의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(No. 22IFIP-C133630-06, 방향성 추진체 고성능 소재 이용 기술 개발). 본 논문은 정훈성의 석사학위 논문을 요약한 내용임.
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Hoon sung Chung
KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_bf001.jpg
M.S. candidate in the School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyungsang National University and Korea Institute of Industrial Technology. His research interest is structure analysis.
Sang Woo Park
KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_bf002.jpg
M.S. candidate in the School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyungsang National University and Korea Institute of Industrial Technology. His research interest is structure analysis.
Min Kyu Kim
KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_bf003.jpg
Senior Research Engineer in Sandong Metal Industry Co., Ltd.. His research interest is directional drilling system.
Suk Soo Jang
KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_bf004.jpg
Executive director in Sandong Metal Industry Co., Ltd.. His research interest is directional drilling system.
Hyung-ick Kim
KSPE_2022_v39n4_277_bf005.jpg
Principal Researcher in Korea Institute of Industrial Technology. His research interest is integrity and life assessment of structural components.

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A Study on the Improvement of the Connecting Rod Design of the Mud Motor to Reduce the Stress Concentration
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2022;39(4):277-282.   Published online April 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.109
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Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.
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Include:
A Study on the Improvement of the Connecting Rod Design of the Mud Motor to Reduce the Stress Concentration
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2022;39(4):277-282.   Published online April 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.109
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A Study on the Improvement of the Connecting Rod Design of the Mud Motor to Reduce the Stress Concentration
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Structure of directional drilling system (Modify)
Fig. 2 Connecting rod geometry analysis (Modify)
Fig. 3 Shape of failure parts
Fig. 4 Photograph of height analysis of failure area
Fig. 5 Cap part detail modeling
Fig. 6 Shape of normal model and mesh information
Fig. 7 Boundary condition of connecting rod
Fig. 8 Stress distribution of normal model
Fig. 9 Comparison of structural analysis results and failure parts
Fig. 10 Increasing model of contact area with (a) 10, (b) 30, (c) 70, and (d) 100%
Fig. 11 Stress distributions of contact area modification model for the connecting rod part
Fig. 12 Stress distributions of contact area modification model for the connecting rod part

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

A Study on the Improvement of the Connecting Rod Design of the Mud Motor to Reduce the Stress Concentration
AISI 4140 Mechanical properties
Tensile strength [MPa] 1,020
Yield strength [MPa] 910
Density [kg/m3] 7,850
Young’s modulus [MPa] 200,000
Poisson’s ratio 0.3
Part Connections
Cap-Key No separation
Cap-Connecting rod No separation
Key-Connecting rod Bonded
Table 1 Mechanical properties of AISI 4140
Table 2 Connection status of connecting rod

Table 1

Table 2

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