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브레이징 접합에 의해 제조된 다결정 다이아몬드(PCD) 건드릴 및 트위스트 드릴의 가공 특성 비교

Comparison of Machining Characteristics of PCD Gun Drill and PCD Twist Drill Manufactured by Brazing

Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2025;42(5):349-354.
Published online: May 1, 2025

1 에스제이앤텍 기업부설연구소

2 (재)대구기계부품연구원 정밀가공 종합기술지원센터

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#E-mail: 79smw42@gmail.com, TEL: +82-53-586-6210
• Received: January 20, 2025   • Revised: March 4, 2025   • Accepted: March 18, 2025

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Recently, lightweight materials centered on the future mobility industry are used in various parts such as battery housings and EV platform frames to improve fuel efficiency of automobile engines. Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) tools are in demand by parts processing companies to improve productivity for machining lightweight parts. PCD drills have excellent cutting performance and wear resistance in high-speed machining. They are expected to grow in the global cutting tool market in the future. Research is needed to improve their performance. In this study, PCD gun drill and twist drill were respectively manufactured using brazing technology. Comparative machining experiments were then conducted. The PCD gun drill is a straight-shaped tool with a PCD tip brazed to a tool body groove for the tip to enter the cutting edge. The PCD twist drill is a spiral-shaped tool with a PCD drill blank brazed to a V-shaped butt joint with the tool body and an internal groove. Both PCD drills were successfully manufactured and evaluated for dimensional accuracy and surface quality by machining aluminum alloy materials with MCT equipment. In the future, we will evaluate not only aluminum materials, but also various machining materials.
최근 다양한 산업군 중 미래모빌리티 산업에서 에너지 소비효율을 증대하고자 경량화 및 소형화에 대한 노력을 지속적으로 하고 있으며, 이에 대한 노력은 구조의 경량화, 공정의 경량화, 소재의 경량화 등 3가지로 구분된다. 이 중 가장 효율적인 기술은 경량화 소재를 적용하는 것으로 인해 비철금속인 경량소재 부품들에 대한 수요가 많아지고 있다[1,2]. 경량소재 중 알루미늄 합금은 기존 철강 소재 대비 35-40%의 경량화 효과를 얻을 수 있어 자동차 엔진의 연비 향상에 영향을 주며, 동시에 재활용성이 우수하여 사용량은 급격히 증가하고 있다[3]. 이로 인해 알루미늄 합금 가공 기술 개발의 필요성이 추구되고 있고, 생산성 향상을 위한 고속가공에서 절삭성과 내마모성이 좋은 다결정 다이아몬드(Polycrystalline Diamond, PCD) 드릴 공구가 적합하다[4,5].
PCD 드릴은 PCD 소재 형상에 따라 건드릴 형식과 트위스트 드릴 형식으로 접합할 수 있다. 먼저, PCD 건드릴은 절삭 날 부분에 팁이 들어가기 위한 포켓에 PCD 팁 소재를 접합시킨 것으로 직선형 플루트 형상의 공구이다. PCD 트위스트 드릴은 PCD 드릴 블랭크 소재를 내부 홈이 파여진 공구 바디와의 V형 홈접합을 시킨 것으로 나선형 플루트 형상의 공구이다. 공구 내부에 절삭유를 분사할 수 있는 오일 홀에서 PCD 건드릴은 제작이 가능하여 형성되어 있지만 PCD 트위스트 드릴은 솔리드 형태의 접합성과 비교적 작은 직경으로 인해 오일 홀이 없어 외부 급유만 가능하다. 2가지 PCD 드릴의 제작 방식에서 PCD 건드릴은 비용이 높은 PCD 소재를 팁 형식으로 사용되어 비교적 비용이 낮게 발생되는 반면, PCD 트위스트 드릴은 PCD 소재가 솔리드 형식으로 사용되어 비용이 좀 더 발생된다. 하지만, 미세가공 및 공구 형상에 다변화가 가능한 초소형 PCD 드릴 제작에 있어서 PCD 건드릴은 크기가 작은 PCD 팁 소재를 절삭 날 개수마다 접합해야 하는 어려움이 있다. 그러나, PCD 트위스트 드릴은 비교적 큰 PCD 솔리드 소재의 접합을 단 한번으로 이루어지기 때문에 훨씬 더 수월하다. 또한, 용도 및 성능 측면에서 살펴보면 PCD 건드릴은 다이아몬드의 특성을 잘 활용할 수 있는 소재 가공에서 높은 효율을 지니고 있지만 내구성이 공구 바디에 의존되어 일부 고강도 소재 가공에서는 제한이 될 수 있다. 반면, PCD 트위스트 드릴은 절삭 날이 PCD 소재로 형성되어 내구성이 비교적 좋아 고강도 소재 가공에 유리하다. 하지만 가공 중 마모 시 팁만 교체하면 되는 PCD 건드릴과 달리, PCD 트위스트 드릴은 절삭 날 전체가 PCD로 이루어져 있기 때문에 유지 보수 비용이 상대적으로 높다.
PCD 소재를 접합시키기 위해 브레이징과 레이저 용접 기술이 널리 사용되고 있다. 레이저 용접 기술은 이종재료 접합력의 저하(높은 기공율, 균열 발생)와 비용이 많이 발생되는 문제점이 있지만 브레이징은 적절한 용가재를 사용함으로써 이종재료 접합력에 대한 적절한 강도를 조절할 수 있고 비용절감이 가능하다[6]. 이로 인해 PCD 드릴 제작에서는 브레이징 접합 기술을 채택하였다.
PCD 건드릴은 냉각 기능, 칩 제거, 공구의 마모 감소 역할이 있는 오일 홀이 있고 PCD 트위스트 드릴은 높은 절삭 효율과 진동을 줄여줄 수 있는 나선형 형상을 지니고 있다. 이러한 2가지 접합 형상에 따른 PCD 드릴은 서로 다른 가공 정밀도 및 품질성이 나타날 것이며, PCD 공구의 성능향상을 위해 비교 실험에 대한 평가 및 분석이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 이종재료 접합에서 효율이 좋은 브레이징 접합기술을 이용하여 2가지 접합 형상에 따른 PCD 드릴을 각각 제작하였다. 그리고 MCT 장비를 통해 알루미늄 합금 소재를 가공하여 치수 정밀도와 표면 품질에 대해 평가 및 분석하였다.
2.1 PCD 접합 드릴 공구 설계
PCD 접합 형상에 따라 접합된 드릴 공구를 제작하기 위해 다음과 같이 설계하였다. Fig. 1은 각 접합 형상에 따른 PCD 드릴을 설계한 제작도면이다. Figs. 1(a)는 PCD 건드릴, 1(b)는PCD 트위스트 드릴을 보여주고 있다. 설계된 PCD 건드릴은 날직경 및 생크 직경을 Ø6 mm으로 하였고, 선단각은 140o이며, 전장 치수는 82.5 mm이다. 또한, 가공 중 공구 내부에도 절삭유가 공급될 수 있도록 하기 위해 오일 홀을 Two Straight Hole 형태로 설계하였다. PCD 트위스트 드릴은 날 직경 Ø5 mm, 생크(Shank) 직경은 Ø6 mm으로 하였고 선단각은 140o이며, 전장치수는 71.2 mm이다. PCD 트위스트 드릴은 V형 홈 접합으로 인해 접합면 틈에 오일 홀이 새어 나올 수 있고, 비교적 작은 직경으로 인해 오일 홀 설계를 하지 않았다.
Fig. 1

2D CAD of PCD drill

KSPE_2025_v42n5_349_f001.jpg
2.2 PCD 접합 드릴 공구 제작
설계된 제작 도면을 토대로 PCD 공구 제작을 다음과 같이 진행하였다. 초경합금과 소결된 PCD 소재를 초경합금 소재의 공구 홀더와 접합시키기 위해 고주파 브레이징 작업을 하였다. Figs. 2는 각 PCD 드릴을 브레이징 접합에 대한 개략도로 2(a)는 PCD 건드릴의 브레이징 접합에 대한 개략도이고, 2(b)는 PCD 트위스트 드릴의 브레이징 접합에 대한 개략도를 보여준다. 브레이징 접합을 한 결과, 각 PCD 드릴 모두 브레이징 접합이 성공적으로 이루어졌음을 볼 수 있었다.
Fig. 2

Brazed schematic of PCD drill

KSPE_2025_v42n5_349_f002.jpg
브레이징 접합된 PCD 공구를 날 형상으로 가공시키기 위해 PCD 소재 가공에 적합한 가공 방식 선정이 필요하였다.
방전가공은 미세 전극을 사용하여 정밀하고 복잡하거나 미세한 형상을 가진 부품들 가공에 쉬우며, 열에너지에 기반한 가공방식으로 인해 전도체 물질의 경우 경도에 상관없이 가공이 가능하다. PCD 소재는 비전도성 물질인 다이아몬드와 전도성 물질인 코발트 바인더가 결합되어 소결된 재료로 형성되어 있어 전도성 물질로 인해 방전가공이 가능하다[7,8]. 따라서 본 연구에서는 PCD 소재 가공을 방전가공으로 선정하였다. Fig. 3은 PCD 드릴 제작에 사용된 방전가공 장비(EDG3, ANCA, Australia)를 나타낸다.
Fig. 3

CNC erosion grinder

KSPE_2025_v42n5_349_f003.jpg
3.1 제작된 PCD 드릴의 비교 가공 실험 준비
제작된 PCD 접합 형상에 따른 드릴의 가공 특성을 분석하기 위해 알루미늄 합금 소재를 통해 비교 가공 실험을 실시하였다. Fig. 4는 MCT 장비의 실험 세팅 사진을 보여준다. Figs. 4(a)4(a)는 MCT 장비(DST-36D, Daesung HITEC, Korea), 4(b)는 실험에 사용된 알루미늄 합금(AL6061) 피삭재, 그리고 4(c)와 4(d)는 MCT 장비에 장착된 PCD 건드릴 및 트위스트 드릴의 모습을 나타낸다. Figs. 5는 실험에 사용된 PCD 드릴의 모습으로 5(a)는 PCD 건드릴, 5(b)는 PCD 트위스트 드릴을 보여준다. 절삭유 가공방식은 PCD 건드릴은 내부 및 외부 급유 가공을 하였고, PCD 트위스트 드릴은 오일 홀이 없어 외부 급유 가공으로만 실시하였다. Table 1은 실험을 진행한 가공조건 및 알루미늄 합금 피삭재에 대한 치수를 나타낸 것으로 총 9가지의 동일한 가공조건 및 피삭재로 진행하였다. Table 2는 제작된 2가지 PCD 드릴가공의 주요 치수인 동심도 및 런아웃을 공구 측정장비(Genius3, Zoller, Germany)를 통해 측정한 값을 나타냈고, 2가지 PCD 드릴에 대해 서로 차이가 나타나지 않는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.
Fig. 4

Photos of the experimental set up on the MCT equipment

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Fig. 5

Photos of the fabricated PCD drill

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Table 1

Machining conditions for PCD drill

Table 1
Spindle speed [RPM] 5000, 7500, 10000
Feed rate [mm/rev] 0.1, 0.14, 0.18
Cutting depth [mm] Feed depth: 6
Workpiece size [mm] 100Wx100Lx6T
Table 2

The main dimensions of drilling

Table 2
Parameter PCD gun drill PCD twist drill
Lipheight [mm] 0.005 0.001
Runout [mm] 0.000 0.003
Blade diameter of tool [mm] 6.010 5.000
3.2 실험 결과에 대한 평가 및 분석
총 9개의 가공조건에서 1조건당 3홀씩 가공을 각각 진행하여 가공된 홀의 내경 치수 및 표면 거칠기를 측정하였다. 이후, 측정된 값들에서 3홀씩 1조건에 대해 평균값으로 계산하여 나온 결과 값들에 대해 그래프로 나타냈다.
Figs. 6은 각 PCD 드릴의 날 직경 대비 가공 내경 치수의 오차 값에 대한 그래프이며, 6(a)-6(c) 는 3가지 회전수에 대해 그래프를 각각 나타냈다. 가공 내경 치수는 3차원 측정 장비(Axiom too CMM, Aberlink, UK)를 통해 측정되었다. 급유 가공 형태 및 2가지 PCD 드릴 모두 1회전당 이송량이 증가함에 따라 가공 내경 치수의 오차 값이 점점 감소하는 경향이 동일하게 나타났다. 가공 내경 치수의 오차 값을 전체 평균으로 나타낸 결과, PCD 건드릴의 내부 급유 가공은 0.0392 mm, PCD 트위스트 드릴의 외부 급유 가공은 0.0372 mm, 그리고 PCD 건드릴의 외부 급유 가공은 0.0342 mm가 나와 서로 차이가 나타나지 않은 것을 볼 수 있다.
Fig. 6

Result graph of inner diameter dimensional accuracy

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Figs. 7은 가공된 홀의 표면 거칠기에 대한 그래프이며, 7(a)-7(c)는 3가지 회전수에 대해 그래프를 각각 나타내었다. 표면 거칠기는 Ra 값으로 표면 조도 측정기(SJ-210, Mitutoyo, Japan)를 통해 측정되었다. PCD 건드릴의 내부 급유 가공과 PCD 트위스트 드릴은 1회전당 이송량이 커질수록 표면 거칠기 값이 안 좋게 나타나는 경향이 나타나지만 PCD 건드릴의 외부 급유 가공은 불규칙적으로 확인된다. 각 급유 가공 형태 및 드릴의 전체 가공 표면 거칠기 값을 평균으로 나타낸 결과, PCD 건드릴의 내부 급유가공은 0.502 µm, PCD 트위스트 드릴의 외부 급유 가공은 0.614 µm, 그리고 PCD 건드릴의 외부 급유 가공은 1.159 µm 가 나와 PCD 건드릴의 내부 급유 가공 품질이 비교적 우수함을 확인할 수 있다. 다른 급유 가공 및 공구보다 PCD 건드릴의 외부 급유가공에 대한 표면 거칠기 값이 안 좋게 나타난 것은 외부 급유 가공 및 드릴의 플루트 버니싱 형상으로 인해 가공 중 칩이 많이 감기게 되어 이러한 실험적 변수가 발생된 것으로 추측된다.
Fig. 7

Result graph of surface roughness

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또한, 가공된 알루미늄 합금 표면에 대한 심층적인 분석을 위해 Fig. 8과 같이 표면 형상 측정기(3D Surface Measurement System, Alicona, Austria)를 통해 3D 표면 형상을 측정하였다. Figs. 8(a)는 PCD 건드릴의 내부 급유 가공, 8(b)는 PCD 트위스트 드릴의 외부 급유 가공에 대한 3D 표면 형상이다. 분석결과, PCD 건드릴의 내부 급유 가공 표면이 비교적 더 균질하게 나타났고, 이에 대한 결과는 내부 및 외부 급유 가공에 대한 차이로 인해 나타난 것으로 유추해볼 수 있다.
Fig. 8

3D geometry of machined AL6061 surface

KSPE_2025_v42n5_349_f008.jpg
본 연구에서는 PCD 접합 형상에 따라 공구의 가공 특성을 분석하기 위해 각각의 PCD 접합 드릴을 제작하였고, 알루미늄합금 소재에서 가공 실험을 동일한 가공 조건 및 장비를 통해 실시하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다.
PCD 접합 형상별로 드릴을 브레이징 접합 및 방전 가공을 통해 제작한 결과, 2가지 공구 모두 접합과 가공이 원활하게 잘 제작되었다. 또한, 오일 홀 제작에서는 PCD 건드릴은 접합부쪽 플루트가 공구 홀더로 이루어져 있어 오일 홀 제작이 가능하였다. 하지만 PCD 트위스트 드릴은 플루트를 포함한 접합부 전체가 PCD 소재로 이루어져 있으며, 비교적 작은 직경으로 인해오일 홀 제작이 불가능하였다.
제작된 2가지 PCD 드릴 및 급유 가공에 대한 비교 실험에서 측정된 가공 홀의 내경과 Table 2의 가공에 대한 주요 치수들을 토대로 분석한 결과, 2가지 PCD 드릴의 가공 정밀도가 서로 차이가 나타나지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다.
가공된 홀 표면의 거칠기를 측정한 결과, PCD 건드릴 외부급유 가공의 표면 거칠기 값이 PCD 건드릴의 내부 급유 가공 및 PCD 트위스트 드릴의 외부 급유 가공에 비해 높게 측정되었으며, 1회전당 이송량이 커질수록 불규칙적으로 크게 변동하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과가 나타난 것은 PCD 건드릴의 버니싱 형상의 플루트와 외부 급유 가공으로 인해 칩 배출이 용이하지 않아 이와 같은 실험적 변수가 발생된 것으로 해석된다.
추후, PCD 접합 형상에 따라 접합된 공구를 드릴뿐만 아니라 다른 형태의 절삭공구들로 제작하여 다양한 피삭재 가공에 대한 비교 연구를 지속적으로 수행할 계획이다.
이 연구는 2023년도 중소벤처기업부의 ‘중소기업기술혁신개발사업 소부장전략’의 지원을 받아 연구되었음(No. RS-2023-00218350).
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Ho Min Son
KSPE_2025_v42n5_349_bf001.jpg
Received his bachelor degree in 2021 from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea. He is currently a researcher in R&D Center, SJNTEC company, Daegu, Korea. His research interest is cutting tool.
Kyung Hwan Park
KSPE_2025_v42n5_349_bf002.jpg
Received his associate degree in 2021 from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keimyung College University, Daegu, Korea. He is currently a researcher in R&D Center, SJNTEC company, Daegu, Korea. His research interest is cutting tool.
Dong Gyu Kim
KSPE_2025_v42n5_349_bf003.jpg
Received his Ph.D. degree in 2024 from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea. He is currently a senior researcher in Daegu Mechatronics & Materials Institute (DMI), Daegu, Korea. His research interest is advanced manufacturing technology.
Min-Woo Sa
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Received his Ph.D. degree in 2018 from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andong National University, Andong, Korea. He is currently a director in R&D Center, SJNTEC company, Daegu, Korea. His current research interests are special cutting tools and additive manufacturing technology.

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Comparison of Machining Characteristics of PCD Gun Drill and PCD Twist Drill Manufactured by Brazing
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2025;42(5):349-354.   Published online May 1, 2025
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Comparison of Machining Characteristics of PCD Gun Drill and PCD Twist Drill Manufactured by Brazing
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2025;42(5):349-354.   Published online May 1, 2025
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Comparison of Machining Characteristics of PCD Gun Drill and PCD Twist Drill Manufactured by Brazing
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 2D CAD of PCD drill
Fig. 2 Brazed schematic of PCD drill
Fig. 3 CNC erosion grinder
Fig. 4 Photos of the experimental set up on the MCT equipment
Fig. 5 Photos of the fabricated PCD drill
Fig. 6 Result graph of inner diameter dimensional accuracy
Fig. 7 Result graph of surface roughness
Fig. 8 3D geometry of machined AL6061 surface
Comparison of Machining Characteristics of PCD Gun Drill and PCD Twist Drill Manufactured by Brazing
Spindle speed [RPM] 5000, 7500, 10000
Feed rate [mm/rev] 0.1, 0.14, 0.18
Cutting depth [mm] Feed depth: 6
Workpiece size [mm] 100Wx100Lx6T
Parameter PCD gun drill PCD twist drill
Lipheight [mm] 0.005 0.001
Runout [mm] 0.000 0.003
Blade diameter of tool [mm] 6.010 5.000
Table 1 Machining conditions for PCD drill
Table 2 The main dimensions of drilling