The purpose of this review paper is to highlight recent efforts and achievements to realize high productivity of micro/nano structure fabrication processes and feasible applications. Due to development in micro/nano fabrication processes, demands on micro/nano related applications are increasing rapidly in various fields. To meet requirements, fabrication process must have high production yield and be automated. Also, fabricated micro/nano structures are expressed on large area substrate. So, it is timely and appropriate to move forward to a new epoch by researching more robust and high throughput fabrication methods, large area fabrication techniques, and new applications. In this review paper, we present a series of recent achievements to overcome some of the limitations in productivity and product size of current fabrication processes, such as photolithography and imprinting lithography. For potential applications, transparent metal electrode, large size optical film, bus wire for narrow bezel, and water collecting surface, are briefly described to expand the application field from the well-known.
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Design of Transparent Conductive Oxides with Metal Patterning Techniques Hyeji Kim, Junghyun Lee, Younggwang Lee, Minwoo Hong, Dohyun Kim, Inpyo Lee, Chanhyuk Choi, Joondong Kim Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society.2024; 44(5): 33. CrossRef
Fabrication of Nanopatterned Metal Mold based on Zirconia Nanoparticle and its Application into Thermal Replication of Thermoplastic Materials Selim Park, Kyoung Chan Min, Sowon Jang, Yujin Ha, Wook-Bae Kim Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2022; 39(7): 501. CrossRef
Variation of a Triangular Pattern Shape due to Shrinkage in the Repeated UV Imprint Process Jiyun Jeong, Su Hyun Choi, Young Tae Cho Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2020; 19(7): 67. CrossRef
Finding Ways to Deform Fine Patterns Fabricated by UV Curable Resin Woo Young Kim, Su Hyun Choi, Seonjun Kim, Young Tae Cho Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2020; 37(4): 291. CrossRef
Micro hot-embossing is a powerful tool in the agile additive manufacturing industry. Its applications include optical components, micro-fluidic devices, MEMS, hydrophobic/hydrophilic surfaces, and energy harvesting devices. To overcome a drawback of low-process speed, the R2R process has been innovated, with novel embossing mechanisms and process optimization. Also, new materials beyond thermoplastic polymers have been applied to develop new devices, or enhance device performance. This review surveys recent progress in micro hot-embossing technology, in terms of new mold fabrication process, process innovation, and various applications.
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Manufacturing Process for Highly Stable Thermal Imprinting Transparent Electrode Using IPL Sintering Yunseok Jang Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2025; 42(1): 75. CrossRef
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Measurement standard for AC RMS voltage has been realized, by using thermal converters as AC-DC transfer standards in every country. AC-DC transfer standards provide a link for AC RMS voltage to DC voltage. Since thermal converters are physical artefacts, they have characteristic error defined by AC-DC difference. By adopting MEMS technology, a high performance thermal converter, called planar multi-junction thermal converter (PMJTC), with low AC-DC transfer difference and high output voltage has been successfully developed, and widely used as primary AC-DC transfer standard in many countries. In the Republic of Korea, AC-DC transfer standards 10 Hz to 1 MHz in frequency for 2 mVrms to 1000 Vrms have been established by using PMJTC.
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Measurement of the Effective Efficiency of Thermoelectric Power Sensors Using a Thermal Voltage Converter From 1 kHz to 1 MHz Tae-Weon Kang, Jeong-Il Park, Chihyun Cho, No-Weon Kang IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.2021; 70: 1. CrossRef
We introduce technological development of stencil lithography, for new micro and nano fabricated method as a patterning technique. Stencil lithography has advantages of photoresistless, reusable patterning technique, and large area micro and nano patterning. The principle of stencil lithography is as follows: Materials are deposited through perforated holes on the membrane surface, of stencil in micro and nanoscale. In this paper, the fabrication method and application of three types of stencils, are reviewed according to the material. Solid-state stencils based on silicon, are fabricated by micro-fabrication processing of photolithography and etching. Metal stencils are fabricated by metal etching, electroforming, and laser machining. Polymer stencils are fabricated by molding and casting of polymers, such as PDMS, Hydrogel and Photocrosslinkable polymer, etc. Stencils fabricated from a variety of ways may be applied to nanopatterns, nano-wire patterning, and metal electrode fabrication, and used in metal deposition or etching masks and non-planar surface metal patterning techniques. Stencil lithography is applied in various areas of flexible displays, bio-devices, wearable sensors, etc.
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Single-cell patterning: a new frontier in bioengineering R. Gayathri, S. Kar, M. Nagai, F.-G. Tseng, P.S. Mahapatra, T.S. Santra Materials Today Chemistry.2022; 26: 101021. CrossRef
The mechanical drilling of micro holes is considered a difficult endeavor, due to the high hardness and brittleness of alumina plates found during the drilling process. In this work, an alumina plate with a 4mm thickness is drilled with the use of a continuous-wave Nd:YAG fiber laser. As can be seen, there is minimum required power density to ablate the alumina plate. As shown in this study, the hole diameter and straightness are not constant with the hole depth recorded, which is presumably due to the recondensation of vaporized alumina, and the characteristics of irregular laser radiation. The oxygen pressure, power density, focal position, and laser on time (duration) are chosen as the control parameters. To understand the influence of control parameters, the orthogonal arrays table in Taguchi method is applied, and the micro holes are evaluated based on the use of geometrical factors. Through the review of a sensitivity and interaction analysis, the appropriate duration and oxygen pressure are identified as the major parameters governing the geometrical quality of drilled holes in this study.
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Micro Drilling of Single Crystal SiC Using Polycrystalline Diamond Tool Ui Seok Lee, Chan Young Yang, Ju Hyeon Lee, Bo Hyun Kim Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2021; 38(7): 471. CrossRef
Predicting the response of a system, even several steps ahead, offers tremendous advantage to improve the system performance, to acquire an ideal model of a system and disturbances. The best way of predicting a response signal from a system is to use the sinusoidal extrapolation based on its frequency characteristics. Sinusoidal extrapolation is a statistical method for predicting future data through frequency analysis of past data. Practically speaking, the prediction from a frequency analysis in a control system is appropriate, because the output of a system can be modeled by several dominant frequencies from input and system models. In this study, we developed a novel and reliable prediction filter, using multi frequency sinusoidal extrapolation and a prediction error compensation algorithm. In this paper, we also suggest the design guidelines, regularity, and overall process of obtaining optimal predictions from an efficient and practical view, for the widely used industrial equipment. Results show that the performance of the proposed prediction filter is considered reliable and effective for improving the performance of a system, such as a motion controller.
In this paper, we simulated the heat transfer and heat sealing processes of a lithium polymer battery package using finite element method (FEM). We observed and calculated the temperature change of an aluminum (Al) laminate thin film and sealing block during different sealing times. We also calculated the temperature change of the sealing block during consecutive heat sealing processes. For the design of the sealing block for the manufacturing process, we set the heat sealing time and area of the sealing block of the lithium polymer battery packaging as variables in heat transfer analysis. We succeeded in predicting effective heat transfer behavior and calculating the heat loss in consecutive heat sealing processes in numerical values.
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Study on Thermal Efficiency and Heat Transfer Analysis due to the Application of Snowmelting Deck of Carbon Fiber Heating Wire Jeong-Keun Kim, Hong-Gun Kim, Hee-Jun Eun, Lee-Ku Kwac Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2023; 22(2): 39. CrossRef
The differential gear distributes the power from the transmission shaft to both wheel axles and automatically ensures rotational difference to maintain the speed difference between the two axles. However, when the vehicle travels on a slippery road surface, a slip in the wheel induces improper transmission of the driving force. Therefore, the limited slip differential limits the function of the differential gear by transmitting the driving force to the normal wheel without the slip. The hydraulic differential limiting device is based on the principle that the fluid between the inner and the outer rotors is compressed by the rotation of the trochoidal gear, and the compressed fluid moves to the cylinder to generate sufficient pressure in the side pinion gear to limit the differential. In this study, the pressure is predicted by variation in viscosity and rotational speed through flow analysis.
In this paper, the topology optimization method was used to describe the lightweight design of link structures for an amphibious boat. Topology optimization was used to determine the optimum density distribution of the structure. The analysis revealed that the link structures for amphibious boat can be reduced up to 31 percent by weight without altering the design of the connected and supported parts. The structural integrity of the proposed lightweight link structures was evaluated via topology optimization and verified by finite element analysis and static test. The structural integrity of lightweight link structures was found to meet the design requirements. The running stability of amphibious boat with lightweight link structures was verified via ground and water driving tests.
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Optimal Design and Experimental Validation of the Rib Structure of a Manufacturing Machine Bed Using Topology Optimization Ji-Sang Hwang, Sung-Jae Kim, Jeong-Hyun Yoon, Chul-Hoon Sung Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers.2023; 32(6): 374. CrossRef
Study on the Optimal Design of Column Rib Structure of Horizontal Machine Tool Using Topology Optimization Technique Ji-Sang Hwang, Sung-Jae Kim, Chul-Hoon Sung Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers.2023; 32(1): 1. CrossRef
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Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Unit is a large-pressure vessel that converts heavy crude oil, which cannot be distilled, into light crude oil. With the growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental regulations, various studies investigating FCC Units are ongoing. The catalytic reactor in FCC Unit is a large structure that generates prolonged high pressure, leading to changes in the properties of the material during operation. Therefore, stress analysis must be conducted based on the application of the actual mechanical properties. In cylindrical thin structures such as the FCC reactor, a tensile test is difficult to perform, warranting the need for Shear Punch (SP) test that uses a small specimen. The properties were utilized in finite element analysis. To determine the boundary and load conditions needed for stress analysis, the operational conditions of the reactor and the conditions for internal pressure of ASME Code regulation were used to evaluate the stress.
A method for evaluating the safety of the corrosion fatigue of a high-pressure (HP) drum for the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is presented through a transient thermal stress analysis. To evaluate the corrosion fatigue, European Standard EN 13445-3 is applied to check whether the magnetite protective layer on the water-contacting surface can be preserved during the transient operating conditions: cold start, hot start, warm start, and load change. Static analysis is performed to analyze the stress due to the operating pressure, and transient thermal and structural analyses are performed for the transient operating conditions. As per EN 13445-3, the analyzed maximum and minimum stresses of the transient operating conditions at representative locations are compared with the allowable limits derived from the stress due to the operating pressure. In conclusion, the magnetite protective layer was preserved under the transient operating conditions and the HP drum was found to be safe for the corrosion fatigue. The method of analyzing the thermal stress and evaluating the safety of the corrosion fatigue presented in this research can be applied effectively in the design stage of various unfired pressure vessels exposed to high temperature and high pressure loading.
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Flow-accelerated corrosion in low-pressure evaporator of heat recovery steam generator: Experiments and fluid dynamics simulation Min Ji Song, Woo Cheol Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Sung-Woo Kim, Soo Yeol Lee Case Studies in Thermal Engineering.2025; 72: 106263. CrossRef
Stress Analysis and Evaluation of Steam Separator of Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) Boo-Youn Lee Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2018; 17(4): 23. CrossRef
Fatigue Evaluation of Steam Separators of Heat Recovery Steam Generators According to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Boo-Youn Lee Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2018; 17(4): 150. CrossRef
We investigated fatigue in the erector spinae, upper trapezius muscles and changes in the cervical flexion-extension angle when individuals watched 360° videos, general videos using virtual reality (VR), and smartphones. The subjects included 34 young, healthy, South Korean college students. The systems VR Gear3, the Galaxy S8, and “STAR WARS 360 VR” made by the manufacturer Cube CZ were utilized. The subject test conditions were: 1) watching 360° video with VR (V360), 2) watching 360° video on a smartphone (S360), 3) watching general video with VR (VG), 4) and watching general video on a smartphone (SG). The subjects watched a video for 10 min under each condition, where median frequencies of the erector spinae and upper trapezius muscles were measured using electromyography, while changes in the cervical flexionextension angle were measured with an electrogoniometer. The results noted that the erector spinae and upper trapezius muscles were significantly fatigued over time in all conditions, with significant differences relating to time and conditional effect. Watching 360° videos was less fatiguing than watching general videos and neck muscles moved the most when watching V360, and least watching general videos. These results suggest that neck muscles are less fatigued when watching 360° videos.
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