Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering

Power Consumption Analysis and Optimal Operation Method of Wireless Multi-sensor Module: Hyun Sik Son, Duck-Keun Kim, Kwang Eun Ko, Seung-Hwan Yang; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2025;42(10):843-849.
Published online October 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.023

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Smart farms and smart factories utilize various environmental measurement and task recognition sensors. For situations requiring simultaneous measurements, a multi-sensor module that combines several sensors into one unit is advantageous. This study focuses on integrating various sensors into a single module and proposing an optimal usage method to minimize the power consumption of a wireless multi-sensor module capable of remote measurements. Analysis of the power consumption of individual sensor components revealed that when the measurement interval exceeds one minute, power consumption can be reduced by over 50.3% by turning off sensors during idle periods. If real-time responsiveness is not essential, the most efficient approach is to keep the entire module in sleep mode during these idle periods. A practical experiment was conducted using a multi-sensor module equipped with temperature and humidity, illuminance, CO₂ concentration, and soil moisture sensors. When continuously powered, the module operated for 40 hours on a 3500 mAh Li-ion battery. However, by implementing sleep mode with a five-minute measurement interval, the operational duration extended to 562 hours.

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Optimal Design of Linear Feeder for Secondary Battery Functional Parts AI Inspection Equipment Using Vibration Analysis-based Response Surface Methodology: Jeong Ho Han, Jun Beom Bang, Seung Woo Ra, Joon Hwang, Myung Jun Kim, Gyu Hun Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2025;42(6):421-429.
Published online June 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.013

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With rapid growth of the global electric vehicle market, interest in the development of secondary batteries such as lithium batteries is also increasing. Core functional parts of secondary batteries are known to determine the performance of these batteries. Micro cracks, scratches, and markings that may occur during the manufacturing process must be checked in advance. As part of developing an automated inspection system based on machine vision, this study optimized the design of a linear feeder exposed to an environment with a specific operating frequency continuously to transfer parts at a constant supply speed. Resonance can occur when the natural frequency and the operating frequency of the linear feeder are within a similar range. It can negatively affect stable supply and the process of finding good or defective products during subsequent vision tests. In this study, vibration characteristics of the linear feeder were analyzed using mode analysis, frequency response analysis, and finite element analysis. An optimal design plan was derived based on this. After evaluating effects on vibration characteristics for structures in which vibrations or periodic loads such as mass and rails were continuously applied, the shape of the optimal linear feeder was presented using RSM.

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Thermal Runaway Characteristics Induced by Heat Abuse Conditions in 18650 Li-ion Batteries: Jungmyung Kim, Heesung Park; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2023;40(10):821-827.
Published online October 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.022.145

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This study aimed to characterize the mechanism of thermal runaway phenomenon in lithium-ion batteries, which represent secondary cells among energy storage devices. Thermal runaway reaction was induced by heating 18650 cells with 5%, 40%, and 80% state of charge (SOC). We divided the thermal runaway of the battery into three stages and discussed the physical measurements that distinguish each stage. We also provided a visual comparison and thermal image of the characterized exhaust gases in all stages. The state of charge and the amount of heat generated by thermal runaway were proportional, and in the third stage of thermal runaway, where the highest mass transfer occurred, 40% of SOC released gas for 13 seconds and 80% of SOC emitted gas and flame for 3 seconds. In addition, a temperature and voltage measurement method that can predict the thermal runaway phenomenon of a battery is presented.

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An Experimental Study on the Thermal Runaway Characteristics of Single and Multiple Lithium-Ion Cells
Ho-Sik Han, Gyu-Hwan Cho, Hong-Seok Yun
Fire Science and Engineering.2025; 39(5): 13. CrossRef

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Evaluation of Structural Integrity for Lifting-and-Lowering-Type Drone Station Using Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis: Sang Ho Kim, Jae Youl Lee, Sung-Ho Hong, Jehun Hahm, Kap-Ho Seo, Jin-Ho Suh, Young Sik Joung, Se Hoon Jeung; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(11):841-849.
Published online November 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.045

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An elevating drone station is very useful when lifting and lowering the battery charging station for safe installation, maintenance, and energy efficiency of a drone operation. When drone station modules rise above the average roof level of neighboring structures they may receive a strong wind force; thus, understanding the physical phenomena of both the structures and fluid is important to understand the structure"s reaction to the wind force. However, most studies in the field of drone stations did not perform a structural safety evaluation under wind loadings. Therefore, in this paper, we carried out a fluid-structure interaction analysis to verify the design of the lifting-and-lowering-type drone station.

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Multibody Dynamic Analysis for the Lifting-and-Lowering-Type Drone Station including Cable-Pulley Systems: Sang Ho Kim, Jae Youl Lee, Sung-Ho Hong, Jehun Hahm, Kap-Ho Seo, Jin-Ho Suh, Young Sik Joung; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(10):785-792.
Published online October 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.069

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The lifting-and-lowering type drone station is very useful when lifting and lowering the battery charging station for safe installation, maintenance, and energy efficiency of drone operation. Therefore, understanding the coupling motion between cable and pulley is important for evaluating characteristics like safety and dynamic stability of the lifting-and-lowering type drone station. Although multibody dynamics (MBD) is widely used for numerically analyzing the dynamic behavior of interconnected bodies, attempts to analyze the coupling motion between cable and pulley have been made only recently, within the last decade. Therefore, this paper attempts to develop the MBD model for the lifting-and-lowering type drone station, including cables, pulleys, and winches using MotionSolve (Altair). The results of the winch torque obtained analytically and numerically were compared to verify the effectiveness of the proposed MBD model.

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A Study on Improving the Sensitivity of High-Precision Real-Time Location Receive based on UWB Radar Communication for Precise Landing of a Drone Station
Sung-Ho Hong, Jae-Youl Lee, Dong Ho Shin, Jehun Hahm, Kap-Ho Seo, Jin-Ho Suh
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2022; 39(5): 323. CrossRef

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A Study on the Selection of Failure Factors for Transient State Lithium-Ion Batteries based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: Miyoung Lee, Seungyun Han, Jinhyeong Park, Jonghoon Kim; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(10):749-756.
Published online October 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.040

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Lithium-ion batteries are one of the main parts of electrical devices and are widely used in various applications. To safely use lithium-ion batteries, fault diagnosis and prognosis are significant. This paper analyzes resistance parameters from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to detect the fault of lithium-ion batteries. The internal fault mechanisms of batteries are so complex; it is difficult to detect abnormalities by direct current-based methods. However, by using alternating-current-based impedance by EIS, the internal degradation processes of the batteries can be detected. Impedance variation from EIS is verified under accelerated degradation test conditions and normal cycling test conditions. The results showed a significant relationship between fault and increase in resistance.

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Research into the Detection of Faulty Cells in Battery Systems Using BMS Cell Balancing Counts
Hyunjun Kim, Woongchul Choi
Transaction of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers.2025; 33(8): 637. CrossRef
PEDOT:PSS‐Based Prolonged Long‐Term Decay Synaptic OECT with Proton‐Permeable Material, Nafion
Ye Ji Lee, Yong Hyun Kim, Eun Kwang Lee
Macromolecular Rapid Communications.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) Immersed in Fire Prevention Material for Fire Safety and Heat Management
Junho Bae, Yunseok Choi, Youngsik Kim
Energies.2024; 17(10): 2418. CrossRef

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Damage-Free Freeform Cutting of Flexible Battery Using Ultra-Short Pulse Laser: SeokYoung Ji, Jaegu Kim, Sung Hak Cho, Hyungjun Lim, Won Seok Chang; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(3):195-202.
Published online March 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.020.099

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With the progress of flexible devices, numerous researchers aim to manufacture the flexible battery with freefrom at various scales. Laser cutting is considered as one of the essential processes to achieve on-demand manufacturing but continuous wave or long-pulse laser beam may cause large heat affect zone (HAZ) in cutting edge and may even result in failure of battery function. Herein, it was demonstrated that the sophisticated cutting process using ultra-short pulse laser is applicable for tailoring of flexible battery with multilayered structure. Based on the comparison of cutting results using nanosecond laser and femtosecond laser, we confirmed that laser cutting by femtosecond laser induces much less thermal damage on thin foil electrodes, separator, and electrolyte. Furthermore, we investigated the interaction of femtosecond laser with the materials composed of a flexible battery and implemented a process for cutting each material without causing any critical damage. To prevent a short circuit between the anode and cathode, which usually occurs during laser cutting of the actual battery, the double-side cutting process was done by adjusting the focal points of the laser beam. We assume that the proposed approach can be applied in a roll-to-roll based cutting process for the mass-production of flexible devices.

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The Effect of Thickness of Electrodes on Edge Quality in Laser Cutting of Electrodes: Dongkyu Park, Dongkyoung Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(2):97-101.
Published online February 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.020.095

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Many countries are trying to overcome global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions, such as CO₂. In particular, the regulation on CO₂ emissions of internal combustion engine vehicles has become strictly important. Thus, the automobile companies are putting more effort for improving the manufacturing of the battery, which is the main power supply of electrical vehicles. In the electrode cutting process, laser cutting has been actively discussed to solve problems originating from the conventional electrode cutting processes. However, there is a lack of research considering the effect of thickness of the active material on laser cutting. In this paper, the effect of thickness of the active material on laser cutting of electrodes is analyzed. First, the cut electrodes are observed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Next, the kerf width and clearance width of the electrodes are measured and compared at the same laser parameter. The kerf width and clearance width of relatively thick electrodes are narrowly formed. Finally, the cutting quality of the electrode is compared. A uniform cut edge is observed as the scanning speed increases.

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Comparison of laser processability for LiFePO4 cathode material with nanosecond and femtosecond laser
Jaegeun Shin, Juhee Yang, Dongkyoung Lee
Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices.2024; 9(3): 100753. CrossRef

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Discharge Performances of Li-MnO₂/CF_x Hybrid Lithium Primary Batteries with Different CF_x Contents: Hye-Mi So, Mengya Luo, Yunkyeong Bae, Jin-Young Lee, Seungmin Hyun; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2020;37(11):849-853.
Published online November 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.020.045

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Lithium primary cells have the advantages of stable operating voltage, high energy density, long storage life, low discharge rate, and wide operating temperature range. Although not as reusable as lithium ion batteries, lithium primary batteries have been used in various fields, such as medical, environmental, and military, which require a small amount of current for a lengthy period or combined safety. In this study, MnO₂/CF_x hybrid primary batteries comprising manganese dioxide and carbon fluoride (CF_x), the main cathode materials of lithium primary battery, were fabricated and their discharge performance was measured. The discharge curve of the Li-MnO₂/CF_x cells was classified into the MnO₂ phase and the CF_x phase at low C-Rate. As the ratio of CF_x increases, the discharge capacity of the battery increases, but the rate characteristics decreases. Considering all parameters such as capacity, rate capability, and temperature, the optimum amount of CF_x doping was 70%. The mixing ratio of CF_x/MnO₂ hybrid cathode can remarkably control the electrochemical performances and this kind of mixing ratio is expected to improve the electrochemical performances.

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Optimization Design for Augmentation of Cooling Performance Utilizing Leading-Edge Materials in Electric Vehicle Battery Cells: Byeong Yeop Kim, Dong-Ryul Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2020;37(7):529-538.
Published online July 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.020.044

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This study is to investigate the cooling performance of the battery in the electric vehicle depending on the attachment of the cooling plates and materials to the battery cells. Research focused on the numerical comparison of forced convective heat transfer coefficients with case 1(cell-Al, cooling plate-None), case 2(cell-Al, cooling plate-Al), case 3(cell-Al, cooling plate-C), and case 4(cell-C, cooling plate-Al). Normalized local Nusselt number of the cooling area at the normalized width position indicated that the heat transfer coefficient of the case 1 was averaging at 7, 14.5, 11.9% lower than that of case 2, case 3, and case 4. Based on case 3, the cooling performance with six different types of mass flow rates (0.05, 0.075, 0.0875, 0.1, 0.125, 0.15 kg/s) were compared. Normalized local Nusselt number at the normalized width position indicated that the heat transfer coefficient of 0.0875 kg/s was averaging at 35.8, 11.9% higher than that of 0.05, 0.075 kg/s and 12.3, 36.4, 60% lower than that of 0.1, 0.125, 0.15 kg/s. Ultimately, the best optimization design for air-cooling performance was case 3 with mass flow rate of 0.125 kg/s.

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A Study on Cooling Performance Augmentation of Water-Cooling and Optimization Design Utilizing Carbon Material in Electric Vehicle Secondary Battery: Seung Bong Hyun, Dong-Ryul Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2020;37(7):519-528.
Published online July 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.020.043

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This research is to investigate the augmentation of cooling performance of water-cooling in the electric vehicle secondary battery. The research focused on the numerical study of heat transfer coefficients for cooling performance augmentation. To improve the water-cooling performance with three different inlet sections of water-cooling and five different mass flow rates, air-cooling, and water-cooling were compared. To compare the water-cooling performance, selected local positions for various temperature distributions were marked on the battery cell surface. The normalized local Nusselt number of the cooling area at the normalized height position indicated that the heat transfer coefficient of the combined section was averaging at 77.95 and 58.33% higher than that of the circle and square, respectively. The heat transfer coefficient with the normalized width by water-cooling at combined section was averaging at 5.15 times higher than that of the air-cooling. At the normalized height, the cooling performance at the water flow rates of 10 Lpm was averaging at 68-74% higher than that of 5 Lpm and 35-39% lower than that of 25 Lpm. Ultimately, the best cooling performance existed with the combined section, and the water flow rate of 10 Lpm was most appropriate, given the temperature difference and power consumption.

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Influence of heat-transfer surface morphology on boiling-heat-transfer performance
RenDa He, ZhiMing Wang, Fei Dong
Heat and Mass Transfer.2022; 58(8): 1303. CrossRef

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A Study on Heat Radiation Performance for Different Layout of Electric Vehicle Secondary Battery Cell: Seung Bong Hyun, Byeong Yeop Kim, Ji Hun Song, Dong-Ryul Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2020;37(4):271-282.
Published online April 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.020.007

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This study is to investigate the cooling performance of the secondary battery in electric vehicles according to three different gaps between battery cells. To accomplish the convective cooling performance of the battery surface with three different gaps, selected local positions (X, Y, Z) for various temperature distributions were marked on the gap surface contacting the cell surface. The cooling performance of the gap of 0.5 mm was compared with the gaps of 5 mm, and 1 mm. Normalized local Nusselt number of the cooling area at the normalized width position indicated that the gap of 0.5 mm was on average 26.99% lower than that of 5 mm and 0.49% lower than that of 1 mm. At the normalized height, the gap of 0.5 mm was on average 12.12% higher than that of 1 mm. Because of the vortex at the outlet area, cooling performance at the gap of 0.5 mm was on average 13.19% higher than that of 5 mm and 0.79% higher than that of 1 mm at normalized thickness. Ultimately, the best cooling performance existed at the gap of 5 mm, but the gap of 0.5 mm was best for improving space efficiency, energy storage capacity, and vehicle-driving durability.

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A Study on Cooling Performance Augmentation of Water-Cooling and Optimization Design Utilizing Carbon Material in Electric Vehicle Secondary Battery
Seung Bong Hyun, Dong-Ryul Lee
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2020; 37(7): 519. CrossRef
Optimization Design for Augmentation of Cooling Performance Utilizing Leading-Edge Materials in Electric Vehicle Battery Cells
Byeong Yeop Kim, Dong-Ryul Lee
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2020; 37(7): 529. CrossRef

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A Study on the Convective Cooling Performance of the Secondary Battery in Electric Vehicle: Dong-Ryul Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2018;35(12):1157-1162.
Published online December 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2018.35.12.1157

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This study is to investigate convection cooling performance of the Secondary Battery of Electric Vehicle without heat sink. Research is focused on the comparative study on cooling between forced convection and natural convection cooling. Selected local locations for various temperature distributions had shown in the flow domain. Final temperature on the cell surface has been compared by forced convection with natural convection. According to the results of velocity and temperature distributions in the fluid domain, Buoyancy appear by density difference in the natural convection. Apparent vortex was detected in the fluid domain for forced convection. According to calculations of convective heat transfer coefficient between cell and atmosphere in the battery pack, average value of more 70-78% heat transfer coefficient increased by forced convection than natural convection. Average temperature value of the cell surface decreased up to 46.50% by forced convection. Due to vortex by air, cooling performance of forced convection is excellent. In addition, cooling on edge of the battery is better than heat source location.

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A Study on Heat Radiation Performance for Different Layout of Electric Vehicle Secondary Battery Cell
Seung Bong Hyun, Byeong Yeop Kim, Ji Hun Song, Dong-Ryul Lee
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2020; 37(4): 271. CrossRef

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Electrochemical Performance Analysis of Heat Treatment of Metal-Air Battery: Ikwhang Chang, Nokeun Park, Guntae Kim; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2018;35(12):1137-1140.
Published online December 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2018.35.12.1137

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat treatment on electrochemical performance of aluminum (Al)-air battery. We prepared a pure Al and an annealed Al under an annealing environment [a mixture gas of Ar (97%) and H2 (3%)] of 400°C for 1 hr. Based on electron backscatter diffraction analysis of Al at the anode, the relative misorientation of the pristine Al was higher than that of the annealed Al. Electrochemical performances of the pristine Al-air and the annealed Al-air were also compared. The annealed Al-air battery showed slightly higher power density than the pristine Alair battery. These results suggest that annealing with heat treatment is an important process to improve the electrochemical performance of aluminum-air battery.

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Heat Transfer Analysis of Al Laminate Film on Battery Packaging Process: Jun Hwan Jang, Sang Ho Ahn; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2018;35(11):1071-1077.
Published online November 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2018.35.11.1071

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In this paper, we simulated the heat transfer and heat sealing processes of a lithium polymer battery package using finite element method (FEM). We observed and calculated the temperature change of an aluminum (Al) laminate thin film and sealing block during different sealing times. We also calculated the temperature change of the sealing block during consecutive heat sealing processes. For the design of the sealing block for the manufacturing process, we set the heat sealing time and area of the sealing block of the lithium polymer battery packaging as variables in heat transfer analysis. We succeeded in predicting effective heat transfer behavior and calculating the heat loss in consecutive heat sealing processes in numerical values.

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Study on Thermal Efficiency and Heat Transfer Analysis due to the Application of Snowmelting Deck of Carbon Fiber Heating Wire
Jeong-Keun Kim, Hong-Gun Kim, Hee-Jun Eun, Lee-Ku Kwac
Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2023; 22(2): 39. CrossRef