The manufacturing industry faces two significant challenges: declining added value due to industrial restructuring and an aging workforce stemming from demographic shifts. In the machining sector, leveraging big data from machine tools has become increasingly critical for enhancing productivity and implementing intelligent manufacturing systems. However, varying data formats and communication methods across different equipment hinder efficient integration, posing a major barrier to the digital transformation of manufacturing. This study develops an integrated server system to facilitate the digital transformation of the machining industry by enabling effective collection, storage, processing, and analysis of data from machine tools. The system features a standardized protocol-based interface for consistent data collection and control across heterogeneous CNC machine tools. By leveraging IEC 62541 OPC UA (Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture) and OPC 40501-1 UMATI (Universal Machine Technology Interface), it ensures interoperability with upper-level applications through standardized information models. The proposed approach addresses inefficiencies in vendor-dependent CNC data systems, providing consistent data management for diverse equipment. By enhancing real-time data handling and eliminating integration challenges, the system contributes to the digital transformation of the manufacturing sector and the creation of an efficient production environment.
As the global manufacturing industry moves toward carbon neutrality, improving energy efficiency of machine tools has become essential. Although machine tools contribute significantly to industrial energy consumption, systematic methods for evaluating their energy consumption remain insufficient. To address this issue, this study developed an energy consumption evaluation system based on ISO 14955, the international standard for machine tool energy efficiency. The proposed system enabled a detailed analysis of energy usage patterns in different operating states, identifying key areas for energy reduction. The developed system could measure energy consumption of individual machine tool components in various operating states using power meters and automatically generates reports. This allows users to identify which components and operating states consume the most energy. We tested and validated this system on three different machine tools and analyzed strategies for reducing energy consumption. The developed evaluation system can help machine tool manufacturers integrate it into their equipment, develop energy-efficient technologies, and contribute to sustainable manufacturing.
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Recent Advances in CNC Technology: Toward Autonomous and Sustainable Manufacturing Jong-Min Lim, Wontaek Song, Joon-Soo Lee, Ji-Myeong Park, Hee-Min Shin, In-Wook Oh, Soon-Hong Hwang, Seungmin Jeong, Sangwon Kang, Chan-Young Lee, Byung-Kwon Min International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing.2025; 26(9): 2311. CrossRef
In general, rotor inertia has an inversely proportional relationship with proportional gain and bandwidth in a turret speed control system of machine tools; thus, this system has a disadvantage, such as weak disturbance caused by a decrease in the damping ratio and an increase in bandwidth due to low rotor inertia. This paper proposes a damping compensator that is resistance to disturbances in order to improve the above problems. The proposed damping compensator reduces the residual vibration induced in the transient state by using a digital high-pass filter. The experimental results showed that the overshoot was reduced by about 5.5% in the speed response and by about 20% in the torque response in the no-load condition. Under the load condition of 4.8 N.m, the torque response showed that the undershoot was reduced by about 26%.
In the existing machine tool field, the focus was on the displacement of the feed system from the viewpoint of the motion of the machine tool. The displacement of the tool or spindle of a machine tool is useful for developing various functions. In this study, using the acceleration data of the spindle, we proposed an algorithm that tracked the displacement of the spindle with respect to the pseudo-step waveform motion. In order to solve the bandwidth problem of the pseudo-step waveform, the displacement data measured by the motor encoder of the feed system was used. In addition, in order to solve the drift problem due to double integration, a new drift removal filter was proposed and a displacement estimation algorithm was implemented. In order to examine the performance and possibility of the proposed spindle displacement estimation algorithm, it was applied to a gantry-type engraver and its excellent performance was confirmed compared to other algorithms.
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A Review of Intelligent Machining Process in CNC Machine Tool Systems Joo Sung Yoon, Il-ha Park, Dong Yoon Lee International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing.2025; 26(9): 2243. CrossRef
This paper describes the design of a 4-axis SCARA-Type robot in the form of a scalar robot for the loading and unloading of workpieces in machine tools. The 4-axis dedicated robot is a 4-degrees-of-freedom robot consisting of a joint 1, 2, 3 motor and a 180° rotating gripper made up of a horizontal gripper and a vertical gripper. It was designed in a scalar shape that is suitable for machine tools, and the size of each link and elbow was determined through structural analysis. Through additional structural analysis, the deflection of the end center of the workpiece fixed to the horizontal gripper and the vertical gripper was designed to be within 0.1 mm, and based on the design result, a 4-axis SCARA-Type robot was manufactured, and the basic motion characteristics of the manufactured robot were tested. As a result of the characteristic test, the manufactured 4-axis SCARA-Type robot operated smoothly, so it is judged to be adequate for usage in loading and unloading the workpieces in machine tools.
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Design and develop a robot arm to automatically feed workpieces for laser engraving machines Trung Xuan, Duy Anh FME Transactions.2024; 52(4): 671. CrossRef
5-Axis Robot Design for Loading and Unloading Workpieces Han-Sol Kim, Gab-Soon Kim International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing.2023; 24(12): 2279. CrossRef
ISO 10791-6 specifies test conditions, BK1 and BK2, including circularly interpolated motions by simultaneous control of two linear axes and a rotary/tilting axis, for five-axis machine tools with a tilting-rotary table. Eccentricities of measured motions are used to identify position-independent geometric errors of the rotary/tilting axis. However, time-consuming alignments of measurement devices are required to execute the circular motions due to large geometric errors of the tilting axis. In this paper, a simple method is proposed to align an initial position of a tool-center-point (TCP) relative to the actual tilting axis of five-axis machine tools for application of ISO 10791-6. A ball at the tool nose with an extension fixture, supplied commercially by a double ball-bar manufacturer, is used to measure positional deviations of a ball on workpiece table at 90° command angle of a tilting axis. An alignment error of a TCP is identified simply by using a geometric relationship of the TCP and measured deviations. Then, identified alignment errors are used to calculate initial position of a TCP for fine measurements of position-independent geometric errors specified in ISO 10791-6. The proposed method is applied to a five-axis machine tool and verified experimentally.
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A Study on the Estimation of Geometric Errors for Rotary Axes of a Five-Axis Machine Tool Using a Cross-Shaped Calibration Artifact Jeongmo Kang, Dayoung Kim, Sungchul Jee Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2023; 40(1): 87. CrossRef
A TCP Calibration of a 6-Axis Manipulator and Geometric Errors Identification of a Tilting-Rotary Table Kwang-Il Lee, Do-Hun Kim, Hoon-Hee Lee, Seung-Han Yang Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2022; 39(4): 253. CrossRef
In the manufacture of mechanical components, volumetric errors of a machine tool should be checked and reduced to meet the required tolerance levels. In this paper, we propose a quick and simple method of measurement for checking and compensating geometric errors which include scaling and squareness errors. During the measurement, which usually takes approximately 5 minutes to complete, the machine tool is first commanded into four vertices sequentially on a virtual regular tetrahedron. Subsequently, the six lengths between four vertices are measured using a double ball-bar and geometric errors are calculated from the measured lengths. In order to verify the measurement result, the measured geometric errors are compensated using NC-code and the six lengths are re-measured to confirm the error correction. In conclusion, a double ball-bar circular test on XY-, YZ-, ZX-plane is done, first without compensation and then with the compensation of the measured geometric errors to check the effect of compensation practically.
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Use of a Virtual Polyhedron for Interim Checking of the Volumetric and Geometric Errors of Machine Tools Kwang-Il Lee, Heung-Ki Jeon, Jae-Chang Lee, Seung-Han Yang International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing.2022; 23(10): 1133. CrossRef
Measurement of Location Errors in a Horizontal 4-axis Machine Tool using a Touch Trigger Probe Ji Hun Jeong, Gyungho Khim, Jeong Seok Oh, Sung-Chong Chung Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2019; 36(8): 745. CrossRef
The mold manufacturing is one batch production that the same process does not repeat. The digital model in software is processed with a real mold fabricated in high performance without error. In this study process planning, and machining simulation software are integrated with a smart machine tool for the mold industry. It reduces the operational complexity to four button clicks after dragging and dropping of 3d model data to fabricate multiple-numbers of graphite electrodes. The smart machine tool fabricated 27 graphite electrodes with minimum interference of humans in 35 hours.
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