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저에너지 소비를 위한 연성 전자소자의 전극계면 제어 공정 최적화

문서진1, 김태헌2, 박민규2, 심현석1,#orcid

Optimization of Electrode Interface Control Process of Soft Electronic Devices for Low Energy Consumption

Seojin Moon1, Taeheon Kim2, Minkyu Park2, Hyunseok Shim1,#orcid
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2026;43(2):175-181.
Published online: February 1, 2026

1부산대학교 전기전자공학부

2부산대학교 전기전자공학과

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#Corresponding Author / E-mail: hshim@pusan.ac.kr, TEL: +82-51-510-7383
• Received: August 1, 2025   • Revised: October 10, 2025   • Accepted: November 1, 2025

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

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  • In this study, we demonstrate a well-established strategy for controlling the threshold voltage (Vth) in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) by applying uniform gold nanoparticle (AuNP) coatings onto silver nanowire (AgNW) electrodes using a galvanic replacement process in the presence of NaCl. This approach highlights the potential for low-energy consumption operation. The AuNP coatings effectively adjust the work function of the AgNW electrodes to better match that of the organic semiconductor. As a result, the OTFT devices show significantly reduced threshold voltages, enhancing charge injection efficiency and lowering the operating voltage. Additionally, when used as synaptic transistors, the optimized Aucoated AgNW composite electrodes demonstrate superior neuromorphic performance, including a lower maximum drain voltage (VDS), indicating a potential for improved energy efficiency per spike event. This advancement marks a critical step toward developing low-power neuromorphic devices and low-voltage flexible electronics. Our work establishes a practical methodology for quantitatively and reproducibly controlling Vth through precise modulation of metal coating uniformity, providing a solid technological foundation for future optimization of organic electronic devices.
  • KEYWORDS: Threshold voltage, OTFT, Low energy consumption, Galvanic replacement, Soft electronics
  • KEYWORDS: 문턱전압, 유기박막 트랜지스터, 저에너지 소비, 갈바닉 치환, 연성 전자소자
유기박막 트랜지스터(OTFT)는 차세대 연성 및 웨어러블 전자소자의 핵심 기술로 주목받고 있다[1]. 웨어러블 기기의 특성 상 배터리의 소형화가 필수적이며, 이에 따라 저에너지 소비를 가지는 소자에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있다. 기존 연구들은 주로 전극 소재의 변경이나 소자 구조의 최적화를 통해 에너지 효율을 개선하려는 시도를 해왔으나, 이러한 방법들은 비용이 많이 들고 공정이 복잡하다는 한계가 있다[2]. 최근에는 금속/유기 반도체 계면의 에너지 장벽을 조절하거나 복합 전극을 도입하는 방식이 보고되었으나, 공정 변수의 정밀 제어를 통한 문턱전압 및 에너지 소비량의 체계적 조절에 관한 연구는 상대적으로 한계가 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 은전극 기반 유기 트랜지스터의 갈바닉 치환 공정에서 NaCl을 첨가하고, 이의 농도를 조절함으로써, 유기박막 트랜지스터의 문턱전압을 정밀하게 제어하여 디바이스 에너지 소비 특성 향상 가능성을 제시하고자 한다[3].
2.1 AgNWs/Polydimethylsiloxane 전극 제작
AgNWs/PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane)전극은 유리 기판 위에 캡톤 테이프 기반 섀도우 마스크를 부착한 후 AgNWs 용액을 도포하여 60oC에서 10분간 핫 플레이트(Hot Plate)로 건조한다. 마스크 제거 후 패터닝(Patterning)된 AgNWs 위에 채널을 형성하고 200oC에서 20분간 어닐링(Annealing)하여 전도도를 향상시킨다. PDMS 기판을 제작하기 위해, 프리폴리머(Prepolymer)와 경화제를 10:1 질량비로 혼합한 후 진공 챔버(Vacuum Chamber)에서 20분간 기포를 제거한다. 기포가 제거된 PDMS 용액을 300 rpm에서 60초간 스핀 코팅(Spin coating)한 뒤 진공 오븐(Vacuum Oven)에서 90oC로 4시간 동안 경화시켜 PDMS 내부에 AgNWs가 부분적으로 매립된 구조를 형성한다. 마지막으로 PDMS 기판을 유리 기판에서 떼어낸 후, 뒤집어 은 전극이 노출되도록 한다[4].
2.2 유기 연성 반도체 용액 제작
P3HT (poly-3-hexylthiophene) 용액은 P3HT 5 m g을 톨루엔(Toluene) 1 ml에 용해한 후, 60oC에서 가열하여 제작한다. SEBS(Styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene, H1052) 용액은 SEBS 25 m g을 톨루엔 1 m l에 용해한 후, 60oC에서 가열하여 제작한다. 유기연성 반도체 용액은 P3HT 용액과 SEBS 용액을 2 : 1의 질량비로 혼합하여 제작한다[5].
2.3 이온 겔 유전체 제작
P(VDF-HFP) (poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene)), 전도성 물질인 [EMIM][TFSI] (1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide), 아세톤(Acetone)을 질량비 1 : 4 : 7로 혼합한 후 70oC, 800 rpm으로 12시간 교반하여 이온 겔 용액을 제조한다. 제조된 용액을 유리 기판에 도포한 후 진공 오븐에서 70oC에서 12시간 동안 경화시켜 이온 겔을 제작한다[6].
2.4 유기 연성 트랜지스터 제작
먼저 0 .75 m M의 농도비로 HAuCl4를 DI water에 교반해준 후, NaCl 농도를 각각 0, 50, 100 mM의 농도비로 HAuCl4 용액(0.75 mM)에 교반한다. 마이크로 피펫 (Micropipette)을 이용하여 용액을 전극의 채널 영역에 도핑해준 후, 40분간 반응시킨다. 이후, DI water로 1분간 세척 후, NH₄OH 용액으로 1분간 갈바닉 치환의 부산물인 AgCl을 제거한다. 최종적으로 DI water로 세척한 뒤 N2 가스로 건조하여 Au coated AgNWs/PDMS 전극을 제작한다. 제작된 전극의 채널 영역 위에 준비된 유기 연성 반도체 용액을 1,000 rpm, 60초 스핀 코팅하여 박막 형태의 유기 반도체층을 형성한다. 이후 90oC에서 30분간 어닐링 후 준비된 이온 겔을 채널 위에 적층하여 유기 트랜지스터를 완성한다. 트랜지스터 제작 공정은 Figs. 1에 소개 되어있으며, 제작된 트랜지스터의 구조는 2를 통해 자세히 살펴볼 수 있다.
3.1 NaCl 첨가를 통한 전극의 접촉저항 감소
Fig. 3에 나타낸 바와 같이, 본 연구에서는 TLM (Transmission Line Method) 방식을 이용하여 AgNWs 전극의 접촉저항(Rc)을 산출하였다. 그 결과, NaCl의 농도가 증가함에 따라 접촉저항이 점진적으로 감소하는 경향을 확인할 수 있다. AgNWs 전극의 접촉저항은 약 0.812 kΩ·cm로 산출되었고, NaCl을 첨가하지 않은(0 mM) 소자의 접촉저항은 약 0.632 kΩ·cm이었으나, 100mM 조건에서는 0.402 kΩ·cm으로 약 0 .41 kΩ·cm(약 50.5%) 감소하였다. 이는 NaCl이 증가할수록 갈바닉 치환 반응 시 AgNWs 표면에 Au가 균일하게 코팅되고, 그 결과 금속–반도체 계면에서 전하 주입 장벽이 낮아져 전하 전달 특성이 개선된 것으로 해석할 수 있다.
한편, 면저항(Rs)의 경우 NaCl 농도 변화에 크게 영향을 받지 않고 일정한 수준을 유지하였다. 이는 NaCl 첨가가 AgNWs 소재의 저항을 낮추는 것이 아닌 전극과 반도체층 간의 계면 저항을 낮추는 것으로 해석된다.
3.2 NaCl 첨가를 통한 전극의 일함수 제어
Fig. 4에 제시된 바와 같이, AgNWs–Poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) 계면에서는 큰 에너지 장벽이 존재하여 전하가 장벽을 넘을 시, 큰 에너지가 소비되어 비효율적이다. 이를 극복하기 위해 기존의 연구에선 갈바닉 치환 공정을 통해 AgNWs를 AuNPs로 치환해주며 전극의 일함수(Work Function)를 AgNWs의 약 -4.7 eV에서 Au의 약 -5.1 eV 수준으로 치환한다[5]. 이 결과 전극의 일함수가 P3HT의 최상위 점유 분자 오비탈(Highes Occupied Molecular Orbital, HOMO) 준위(~ -5.2eV)와 정렬시킴으로써 금속-반도체 계면이 오믹 접합(Ohmic Contact)을 형성하여, 에너지 장벽을 낮추려는 시도가 존재했다. 하지만 이는 Au가 AgNWs에 균일하게 코팅되지 못하여 에너지 장벽을 효율적으로 낮추지 못하였다[5,7,8]. 하지만 본 연구에서는 NaCl을 첨가해주는 것으로 AgNWs 전극 표면에 Au를 더욱더 균일하게 코팅 해주는 결과를 도출했다. 이는 구동전압의 감소를 의미하며 효율성 측면에서의 소자 성능 극대화를 확인할 수 있다.
기존의 갈바닉 치환 시 HAuCl4 용액과 AgNWs 전극 사이에서는 식(1)과 같은 산화–환원 반응이 진행된다. 본 연구에서는 갈바닉 치환의 속도를 지연시킴으로써 AuNPs의 균일한 코팅을 도모한다. 기존의 HAuCl4 용액에 NaCl을 첨가해준 후 갈바닉 치환을 시켜준다면, 여분의 Cl 이온이 과다하게 발생하며 항상성 유지 법칙(Le Chatelier's Principle)에 따라 금의 치환 속도를 지연시킬 수 있다. 이는 식(2)에서 확인할 수 있다[3].
(1)
3Ag(s)+AuCl4−(aq)→Au(s)+3Ag+(aq)+4Cl−(aq)
(2)
AuCl4−(aq)+4Cl−(aq)→Au(s)+3AgCl−(s)+Cl−(aq)
또한 NaCl 농도가 증가할수록 Cl-이온 농도의 증가로 인해 반응 속도가 더욱 저하된다. 기존 연구에서도 이러한 원리를 적용하여 금 코팅의 균일도를 향상시킬 수 있음을 보고한 바 있다[3]. Fig. 5는 갈바닉 치환 공정 동안 NaCl 농도에 따라 AgNWs/PDMS 전극에서 노출된 AgNWs SEM 이미지를 보여준다. SEM 이미지에 나타난 바와 같이, 갈바닉 치환 공정을 거치지 않은 AgNWs 전극에서는 나노 와이어가 불규칙하게 얽혀 있는 형태를 보인다. 한편, 갈바닉 치환 공정을 거친 AuNPs-AgNWs/PDMS 전극의 경우, NaCl 농도에 따라 서로 다른 코팅 양상이 관찰되었다. 먼저, NaCl을 첨가하지 않은 경우, Au가 AgNWs 표면에 불균일한 입자 형태로 결합하여, 금의 코팅이 균일하지 못한 모습을 볼 수 있다. 50 mM을 도핑한 경우에는 Au가 비교적 균일하게 분포하되 일부 빈틈이 존재하는 모습을 확인할 수 있고, NaCl 100 mM을 첨가한 경우에는 Au가 연속적으로 AgNWs를 균일하게 감싸진 구조를 형성했다. 이로써 NaCl 농도(0, 50, 100 mM)에 따라서 갈바닉 치환의 균일도를 정밀하게 제어할 수 있음을 확인했다.
Fig. 5는 갈바닉 치환 공정 과정에서 HAuCl4 용액에 혼합된 NaCl 농도에 따른 AgNWs/PDMS 전극의 SEM 이미지를 보여준다. SEM 이미지에 나타난 바와 같이, 갈바닉 치환 공정을 거치지 않은 AgNWs/PDMS 전극에서는 나노 와이어가 불규칙하게 얽혀 있는 형태를 보인다. 한편, 갈바닉 치환 공정을 거친 Au coated AgNWs/PDMS 전극의 경우, NaCl 농도에 따라 서로 다른 코팅 양상이 관찰되었다. 먼저, NaCl을 첨가하지 않은 HAuCl4 용액을 이용해 갈바닉 치환 공정을 진행한 경우, Au가 AgNWs 표면에 불균일한 입자 형태로 결합하여, 금의 코팅이 균일하지 못한 모습을 볼 수 있다.
NaCl 50 mM을 첨가한 HAuCl4 용액을 이용해 갈바닉 치환 공정을 진행한 경우, Au가 비교적 균일하게 분포하되, 일부 빈틈이 존재하는 모습을 확인할 수 있다. NaCl 100 mM을 첨가한 HAuCl4 용액을 이용해 갈바닉 치환 공정을 진행한 경우, Au가 연속적으로 AgNWs를 균일하게 감싸진 구조를 형성하였다. 이로써 HAuCl4 용액에 첨가된 NaCl 농도(0, 50, 100 mM)에 따라서 갈바닉 치환의 균일도를 정밀하게 제어할 수 있음을 확인하였다.
3.3 접촉저항 및 일함수가 제어된 전극을 사용한 트랜지스터의 구동전압 조절
준비된 전극을 사용하여 앞서 Fig. 1에 제시한 제작 방법을 이용하여 트랜지스터를 제작하였다. 제작된 트랜지스터는 Figs. 6과 7에서 확인할 수 있듯, 다양한 기계적 변형에도 성능 유지가 가능한 연성 소자이다. 제작된 소자의 Vₜₕ 값은 반도체 파라미터 분석기(Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer, Keithley 4200A-SCS)에서 측정한 IDS (드레인 전류)를 바탕으로 식(3)을 이용하여 구할 수 있다.
(3)
IDS=W2LμCdielVGS−Vth
Fig. 8의 전달 곡선 (Transfer Curve)에서 Fitting Range (-3.2 V ~ -2.6 V)을 선정한 후, 해당 구간에 대해 최소제곱법(Least Squares Estimation)으로 Linear Fitting을 수행하였다[10]. 식(3)에 따라, 이때 얻어진 x절편을 Vth로 결정하였다. 순수 은 전극의 Vth는 -2.683 V였으며, NaCl 농도 0 mM(즉, 순수 HAuCl4 용액) 처리 시 -2.218 V로 기준값 대비 465 mV(17.33 %)이 감소하였다. NaCl 50 mM의 경우, Vth값은 -1.897 V로 추가로 321 mV(14.47%) 양(+)의 방향으로 이동하였고, NaCl 100 mM 도핑 시, -1.5166 V로 380 mV (20.05%) 양(+)의 방향으로 이동하였다. 결과적으로 NaCl 농도를 조절하여 Vth값을 -2.683에서 -1.516 V까지 1.167 V (43.50%) 범위로 이동시킴으로 인해 소자의 구동전압을 낮추었다.
100 mM의 NaCl을 사용하여 갈바닉 치환 공정을 통해 제작된 트랜지스터의 인장에 따른 전달 곡선 그래프가 Fig. 9에 나타나 있다. 본 소자는 50%의 기계적 인장 하에서도 성능이 유지되며, 이를 초기상태로 되돌렸을 때 초기상태와 가까운 성능으로 돌아오는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 이로써 NaCl을 첨가한 HAuCl4용액을 이용한 갈바닉 치환공정을 통하여 트랜지스터의 Vth를 m V 단위로 정밀한 제어가 가능함을 확인하였으며, 50%의 기계적 인장에서도 구동 가능한 에너지 효율적인 저전압 구동 소자의 최적화에 성공했다.
3.4 Spike당 에너지 소모 평가
NaCl 농도를 달리한 갈바닉 치환 공정을 통해 제작된 소자의 Spike 당 에너지 소비를 예측하였다[10]. 정밀 공정을 통해 문턱 전압이 제어된 소자는 기존 소자 대비 동일한 구형파를 인가 했을 때, 더 낮은 구동전압으로 동일한 출력 전류를 흐르게 하는 것을 Fig. 10에서 확인할 수 있다. VDS는 공정 조건 별로 각각 -0.7, -0.5, -0.3, -0.1 V를 인가하고, VGS는 1,000 ms의 Pulse Duration을 가진 구형파 (Vp-p = -2~0 V)를 인가하였다. Fig. 10(b)에 제시된 바와 같이, 본 소자는 동일한 출력 전류(~18 μA)에 필요한 드레인 전압이 -0.7 V 인 기존 소자 대비 -0.1 V로 약 85.7% 더욱 낮음을 확인했다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 식(5)를 이용하여 에너지 소비량을 분석했을 때, AgNWs 전극을 사용한 소자의 에너지 소비량은 12.1 μJ로 가장 높은 경향을 보인다. 반면, 갈바닉 치환 공정에 사용된 HAuCl4용액에 포함된 NaCl 농도를 증가시킬수록 에너지 소비량은 0 mM에서는 9.26 μJ, 50 mM에서는 3.15 μJ, 100 mM에서는 1.82 μJ로 점진적으로 감소하는 것이 확인되었다. 따라서AgNWs 전극을 사용한 소자 대비 100 mM의 NaCl을 첨가하여 갈바닉 치환 공정을 시행한 전극의 소자는 동일한 출력 전류(Iₚₑₐₖ)가 흐를 때에도 더 낮은 인가 전압(VDS)으로 구동이 가능하므로, 약 85% 이상의 에너지 절감 효과를 나타낸다. 이는 앞서 제시한 전극의 일함수를 제어하여 Vth값을 낮춰준 것이 저전압 구동뿐만이 아니라 에너지 소비 관점에서도 장점이 있는 고에너지효율 소자라는 것을 검증한다[11-13].
(5)
Eper spike=VDS⋅Ipeak⋅tspike width
본 연구에서는 갈바닉 치환 공정을 도입하여 AgNWs 전극 표면에 Au를 코팅함으로써 Au coated AgNWs/PDMS 복합 전극을 구현하고, 체계적으로 농도를 달리하여 NaCl을 첨가해주는 것으로, 전극의 일함수를 조절하여, 연성 유기 반도체 물질과의 에너지 준위를 맞추어 주었다. 이로 인해, 유기 박막 트랜지스터의 문턱전압(Vth)을 정밀하게 조절할 수 있음을 실험적으로 검증하였다. 특히, Au coated AgNWs/PDMS 복합 전극 도입을 통해 기존 AgNWs/PDMS 전극 기반 소자 대비 Vth가 유의미하게 감소함에 따라 동일한 입력 전압에서 측정된 IDS가 유의미하게 증가하는 현상을 확인하였으며, 이는 전극의 일함수 변화가 소자의 전하 전달 효율을 현저히 향상되었음을 보여준다. 또한, 이는 소자가 동일한 구동 전압 조건에서 더 큰 전류를 발생시킬 수 있음을 의미하며, 결과적으로 단위 전압 기준 에너지 소비 효율이 크게 개선되며 에너지 소비 측면에서 우수한 특성을 확보하였다.
본 연구의 핵심 차별점은 단순한 복합전극 적용을 넘어, AuNPs 대 AgNWs의 비율, NaCl의 농도에 따른 Au 코팅의 균일도, 열처리 조건 등 다양한 공정 파라미터를 정교하게 조절함으로써 목표한 Vth을 맞춤형으로 설정할 수 있다는 점이다.
아울러, 공정 변수의 미세 조정에 따라 Vₜₕ이 정밀하게 이동하는 현상을 입증함으로써, 본 연구가 단순 현상적 개선을 넘어 Vth의 정량적·재현적 제어를 가능하게 하는 실질적 방법론임을 확립하였다.
이러한 연구 성과는 웨어러블 뉴로모픽 컴퓨팅 등 차세대 유연 전자소자 분야에 본 소자가 효과적으로 응용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하며[14], 나아가 문턱전압 및 에너지 소비의 체계적·정밀 제어가 유기 신축성 전자소자의 실용화 및 고도화에 핵심적 역할을 수행할 수 있음을 보여준다[15]. 본 연구는 다양한 유기 반도체 소자의 맞춤형 특성 제어 및 최적화를 위한 기술적 기반을 실험적으로 규명했다는 점에서 그 의의가 크다[16].

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

본 연구는 2023학년도 부산대학교 교내학술연구비(신임교수 연구정착금)에 의한 연구임.

Fig. 1
The schematic fabrication process of the OTFT
JKSPE-025-104f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Exploded view of OTFT. The inset shows schematic crosssectional illustration of the OTFT structure
JKSPE-025-104f2.jpg
Fig. 3
Contact resistance and sheet resistance of AgNWs, AuNPs (at different NaCl concentrations)
JKSPE-025-104f3.jpg
Fig. 4
Energy band diagrams of AgNWs, AuNPs (at different NaCl concentrations), and P3HT
JKSPE-025-104f4.jpg
Fig. 5
SEM image of Au coated AgNWs/PDMS electrodes depending on NaCl concentration
JKSPE-025-104f5.jpg
Fig. 6
Optical images of OTFTs subjected to different mechanical deformations, including stretching, crumpling, twisting, poking
JKSPE-025-104f6.jpg
Fig. 7
Transfer characteristics of the rubbery OTFT under stretching, crumpling, twisting, poking
JKSPE-025-104f7.jpg
Fig. 8
Transfer characteristics of device containing various CNaCl. The inset shows linear plotted transfer characteristics of device containing various CNaCl
JKSPE-025-104f8.jpg
Fig. 9
Transfer characteristics of the rubbery OTFT under mechanical strains of 0, 10, 30, 50 and 0% (re.)
JKSPE-025-104f9.jpg
Fig. 10
OTFTs fabricated with different electrodes under identical single square-wave voltage pulses. Electrodes include pristine AgNWs, Au coated AgNWs without NaCl (0 mM NaCl), and Au coated AgNWs with NaCl concentrations of 50 mM and 100 mM, respectively
JKSPE-025-104f10.jpg
Fig. 11
(a) Output current characteristics under different drain voltages (b) Characteristics of drain voltage and energy consumption per spike
JKSPE-025-104f11.jpg
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Seojin Moon
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Undergraduate research student in the School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University. Her research interest is soft electronics.
Taeheon Kim
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M.S course student in the Department of Electronics Engineering, Graduate School, Pusan National University. His research interest is soft electronics.
Minkyu Park
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M.S course student in the Department of Electronics Engineering, Graduate School, Pusan National University. His research interest is soft electronics.
Hyunseok Shim
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Assistant Professor in the School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University. His research interest is soft electronics.

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Optimization of Electrode Interface Control Process of Soft Electronic Devices for Low Energy Consumption
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2026;43(2):175-181.   Published online February 1, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.104
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Optimization of Electrode Interface Control Process of Soft Electronic Devices for Low Energy Consumption
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2026;43(2):175-181.   Published online February 1, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.104
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Optimization of Electrode Interface Control Process of Soft Electronic Devices for Low Energy Consumption
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 The schematic fabrication process of the OTFT
Fig. 2 Exploded view of OTFT. The inset shows schematic crosssectional illustration of the OTFT structure
Fig. 3 Contact resistance and sheet resistance of AgNWs, AuNPs (at different NaCl concentrations)
Fig. 4 Energy band diagrams of AgNWs, AuNPs (at different NaCl concentrations), and P3HT
Fig. 5 SEM image of Au coated AgNWs/PDMS electrodes depending on NaCl concentration
Fig. 6 Optical images of OTFTs subjected to different mechanical deformations, including stretching, crumpling, twisting, poking
Fig. 7 Transfer characteristics of the rubbery OTFT under stretching, crumpling, twisting, poking
Fig. 8 Transfer characteristics of device containing various CNaCl. The inset shows linear plotted transfer characteristics of device containing various CNaCl
Fig. 9 Transfer characteristics of the rubbery OTFT under mechanical strains of 0, 10, 30, 50 and 0% (re.)
Fig. 10 OTFTs fabricated with different electrodes under identical single square-wave voltage pulses. Electrodes include pristine AgNWs, Au coated AgNWs without NaCl (0 mM NaCl), and Au coated AgNWs with NaCl concentrations of 50 mM and 100 mM, respectively
Fig. 11 (a) Output current characteristics under different drain voltages (b) Characteristics of drain voltage and energy consumption per spike

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Optimization of Electrode Interface Control Process of Soft Electronic Devices for Low Energy Consumption
JKSPE : Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering

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