Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering

Position Control of a Linear Motor Motion Stage Using Augmented Kalman Filter: Keun-Ho Kim, Hyeong-Joon Ahn; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2025;42(11):887-892.
Published online November 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.011

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The rapid growth of semiconductor and display manufacturing highlights the demand for fast, precise motion stages. Advanced systems such as lithography and bio-stages require accuracy at the μm and nm levels, but linear motor stages face challenges from disturbances, model uncertainties, and measurement noise. Disturbances and uncertainties cause deviations from models, while noise limits control gains and performance. Disturbance Observers (DOBs) enhance performance by compensating for these effects using input–output data and a nominal inverse model. However, widening the disturbance estimation bandwidth increases noise sensitivity. Conversely, the Kalman Filter (KF) estimates system states from noisy measurements, reducing noise in position feedback, but it does not treat disturbances as states, limiting compensation. To address this, we propose an Augmented Kalman Filter (AKF)–based position control for linear motor stages. The system was modeled and identified through frequency response analysis, and DOB and AKF were implemented with a PIV servo filter. Experimental validation showed reduced following error, jitter, and control effort, demonstrating the improved control performance of the AKF approach over conventional methods.

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Cutting Force Monitoring Considering Electrical Characteristics of Spindle Motor: Jae-Eun Kim, Jun-Young Oh, Beomsik Sim, Wonkyun Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2025;42(1):19-25.
Published online January 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.024.095

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The importance of cutting forces in machining has been emphasized for monitoring and optimizing cutting conditions, leading to various method to detecting cutting forces researched. Cutting forces can be directly measured using dynamometer or indirectly estimated using AE sensors and accelerometers, etc. However, these external sensors demand high costs and have accuracy limitations due to environment issues. To compensate for these drawbacks, utilizing internal signals of machine tool has been developed. Among these, using internal electrical signals of machine tool is representative. In commercial machine tools, cutting forces are often estimated through current measurements. However, due to the characteristics of the spindle motor, electrical properties such as slip, power factor, and efficiency vary with the load, resulting in relatively lower accuracy. This study introduces current-based method considering characteristics of motor and power-based method for estimating cutting forces and compare accuracy of those methods with the measurements from dynamometer respectively.

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Development of Simulation Model for a 40 kW Electric Tractor based on Dual Motors and Single Planetary Gear: Gang Hyun Kim, Kyeong Dae Kim, Si Yeong Lee, Dae Cheol Kim, Won Gun Kim; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2024;41(12):939-948.
Published online December 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.024.084

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The purpose of this paper was to develop a simulation model for a 40 kW electric tractor using a powertrain based on dual motors and a planetary gear. To select motor capacity and reduction gear ratio based on the power flow for agricultural work, load data for various gear conditions were acquired and analyzed using a 42 kW engine tractor of similar capacity. Modeling was conducted using MATLAB/Simulink/Simscape. Load data acquired through actual field tests were applied as load conditions for the simulation. Simulation results confirmed that the power was transmitted through the planetary gear as the clutch and brake operated according to the work mode. The developed simulation model is expected to be used for electric tractor development.

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Customized Current Control of a Linear Motor Motion Stage: Kyung Ho Yang, Hyeong-Joon Ahn; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2024;41(11):875-880.
Published online November 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.024.085

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In the 4^th Industrial Revolution, advancements in semiconductor technology demand high performance, efficiency, and precision, highlighting the importance of high-speed and ultra-precise motion stages. To improve positioning performance of a motion stage, robust torque generation by current controllers alongside position control is crucial. This paper explored a custom current control for linear motor motion stages. We built a linear motor motion stage with a 560 mm stroke, 5 m/s speed, and 280 N continuous thrust supported by air bearings and equipped with a passive reaction force compensation. Custom user code for position and current controls of PowerPMAC motion controller was developed for the motion stage. The position control code included frequency domain system identification, disturbance observer, and repetitive learning control while the current control code featured vector or d/q-axis current controllers and disturbance observer. We developed a current control tuning GUI to adjust the current control gain by injecting an excitation signal into the motion controller and measuring the frequency response of the open-loop transfer function. Experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the custom current controller for evaluating static and dynamic performance.

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Model-based Motion Control Design of a Linear Motor Stage in Frequency Domain: Hee Won Jeon, Hyeong-Joon Ahn; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2024;41(1):55-60.
Published online January 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.023.107

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The fourth industrial revolution led to advanced servo systems, enhancing productivity across industries. However, designing these systems remains challenging due to the performance-stability trade-off. This paper presents a model-based motion control of a linear motor motion stage in frequency domain. A user-code for the PowerPMAC commercial controller was developed to excite motion control system so that we could get a frequency response. The theoretical frequency response of the servo algorithm was compared with the experimental frequency response. Based on this, a tuning graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to predict performance when the servo loop gain is changed. Especially, to compensate for residual vibrations caused by high acceleration and deceleration and to improve tracking error, DOB (Disturbance Observer) and ILC (Iterative Learning Control) control techniques were applied in the frequency domain. Through the design of the frequency domain motion controller, the control performance of the linear motor motion stage could be predicted with over 96% accuracy, resulting in a 54.32% improvement in tracking error and a 93.56% improvement in settling time, 85.29% in RMS error.

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Fuzzy Neural Network Control for a Reaction Force Compensation Linear Motor Motion Stage
Kyung Ho Yang, Hyeong-Joon Ahn
International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Smart Technology.2024; 2(2): 109. CrossRef
Customized Current Control of a Linear Motor Motion Stage
Kyung Ho Yang, Hyeong-Joon Ahn
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(11): 875. CrossRef

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Adaptive Control of Grinding Process based on Grinding Force for Removing the Coating from an Enameled Copper Wire: Sung-Jin Choi, Jun-Young Oh, Jin-Seo Kim, Sang-Kyung Lee, Wonkyun Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2023;40(5):361-366.
Published online May 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.023.036

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A hairpin motor is a type of motor that is used for driving an eco-friendly car. Unlike a conventional coil-winding motor, hundreds of hairpins formed by an enameled copper wire with a rectangular cross section comprise a stator to improve the driving efficiency by maximizing a coil drip rate. With the increased use of the hairpin motor, there has been an increased interest in manufacturing techniques and automated systems of the hairpin motor. Enamel coating removal is one of the major processes of hairpin motor production; enamel coating at the end of the hairpin should be removed to connect the hundreds of hairpins by using the welding process. Grinding is one of the machining processes used for removing the enamel coating. This study proposed an adaptive control method for the grinding process to improve the efficiency and quality of the enamel coating removal process. Grinding depth is maintained during machining by controlling the vertical position of the spindle based on driving torque. A lab-scale grinding machine including a sensory system for adaptive control is developed and used to verify the performance of the proposed method.

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A Review of Intelligent Machining Process in CNC Machine Tool Systems
Joo Sung Yoon, Il-ha Park, Dong Yoon Lee
International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing.2025; 26(9): 2243. CrossRef

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A Study on the Finite Element Model of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Fault Diagnosis: Hyunseung Lee, Seho Son, Dayeon Jeong, Ki-Yong Oh, Byeong Chan Jeon, Kyung Ho Sun; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2023;40(5):353-360.
Published online May 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.023.016

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This paper proposes a high-fidelity finite element model of a permanent synchronous motor (PMSM) to predict electromagnetic responses. The proposed method aims to generate electromagnetic responses from the PMSM under various operational conditions-including normal and faulty conditions-by coupling several partial differential equations governing the electromagnetics of a PMSM. The rotor eccentricity is considered to be a representative fault of a PMSM, which has electromagnetic characteristics that differ from the healthy state of a PMSM. Note that eccentricity is the most frequent fault during PMSM operation. Therefore, the proposed model could replicate the defected torque responses of an actual motor system. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated using measurements from a PMSM test bench. Quantitative comparison reveals that the proposed model could replicate both the transient- and steady-state torque responses of the PMSM of interest at a variety of operational conditions, including a faulty status. The proposed model could be used to generate virtual electromagnetic responses of a PMSM, which could be used for data-driven fault detection methods of electric motor systems.

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Displacement Estimation Algorithm of a Spindle Using Acceleration Data of a Spindle and Displacement Data of a Feed Drive System: Seung Guk Baek, Sungcheul Lee, Chang-Ju Kim, Chang Kyu Song, Seung Kook Ro; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2022;39(11):801-810.
Published online November 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.022.029

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In the existing machine tool field, the focus was on the displacement of the feed system from the viewpoint of the motion of the machine tool. The displacement of the tool or spindle of a machine tool is useful for developing various functions. In this study, using the acceleration data of the spindle, we proposed an algorithm that tracked the displacement of the spindle with respect to the pseudo-step waveform motion. In order to solve the bandwidth problem of the pseudo-step waveform, the displacement data measured by the motor encoder of the feed system was used. In addition, in order to solve the drift problem due to double integration, a new drift removal filter was proposed and a displacement estimation algorithm was implemented. In order to examine the performance and possibility of the proposed spindle displacement estimation algorithm, it was applied to a gantry-type engraver and its excellent performance was confirmed compared to other algorithms.

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A Review of Intelligent Machining Process in CNC Machine Tool Systems
Joo Sung Yoon, Il-ha Park, Dong Yoon Lee
International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing.2025; 26(9): 2243. CrossRef

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Measurement of Mover Position of a Linear Motor Using Two-Dimensional Magnetic Flux Density Information: Chanwoo Moon, Youngdae Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2022;39(5):331-336.
Published online May 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.022.016

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A linear motor is an actuator that has strong thrust and high controllability, and can perform linear motion without the use of a motion converter. In this study, we propose a new method to measure the position of the mover of a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor by measuring the magnetic flux density. To resolve the problem that existing methods have to spatially arrange multiple sensors, the proposed method uses a two-dimensional magnetic flux density measurement value at one point. In accordance with this, the estimation method was modified, the convergence condition of the estimation method was obtained, and the time required for the calculation was estimated. The validity of the proposed method was verified through comparative experiments with existing methods. As a result of the test, the proposed method had a small maximum absolute error compared to the existing methods, and was robust against sensor gain changes.

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Strategy for Motor Grader Blade Rotation considering Soil Distribution: Jinkyu Lee, Jangho Bae, Oyoung Kwon, Hanul Kim, Chai Sol, Daehie Hong; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2022;39(3):201-208.
Published online March 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.115

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Research on the automation of many types of construction equipment, including motor graders, is being actively conducted. In a motor grader cabin, the operator has difficulty observing the working environment because of a constructed field of view. Thus, workers rely on their experience and senses. Further, the working environment of the blade must be observed, and a control algorithm should be created to enable autonomous operation. In this study, a blade rotation control strategy considering the soil distribution was proposed. First, a co-simulation environment was constructed using RecurDyn for multibody dynamics analysis and EDEM for discrete element method simulation, and simulations were performed to determine the correlation between soil distribution and the blade rotation angle. Work quality and blade load were analyzed according to the simulation results. The optimal blade rotation angle according to soil distribution was obtained to develop the strategy for autonomous flattening and scattering work. The proposed control strategy was implemented in a 1/4 full-scale motor grader experimental setup. An experiment to evaluate work quality was conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The experimental results indicated that the proposed strategy effectively performed scattering work.

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Path Planning Strategy for Implementing a Machine Control System in Grader Operations
Jae-Yoon Kim, Jong-Won Seo, Wongi S. Na, Sung-Keun Kim
Applied Sciences.2024; 14(20): 9432. CrossRef

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Frequency Analysis of the Servo System with Three-Stage Reducer considering the Backlash Ratios and Motor Input Voltage: Joo Hyun Baek, Tae Young Chun, Jong Geun Jeon, Young Hwan Jo; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(9):691-699.
Published online September 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.064

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This paper proposed the simulation model of the servo system with three-stage reducer and presented the result of frequency analysis of the servo system considering backlash ratios and motor input voltage. By virtue of this work, we realized that if the motor input voltage of the system was large, the influence of each stage backlash ratio could be minimized or removed. Besides, we also found that if the motor input voltage was small, this created an optimal backlash ratio combination which could maximize the anti-resonance and resonance frequency of the servo system. This paper could be useful for determining each stage backlash ratio in designing a three-stage geared servo system with fast response.

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Smart Design of Rotor and Permanent Magnet considering Torque and Torque Ripple of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor of Electric Vehicle: Seong-Hwan Bang, Si-Mok Park, Min-Gi Chu, Ji-Hun Song, Dong-Ryul Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(8):605-612.
Published online August 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.043

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The aim of this research was to investigate the torque performance of the motor in an electric vehicle depending on the rotor shape and air gap. The research focused on numerical comparison of torque performance of new rotors based on the average torque and torque ripple rate, which appeared according to the number and placement of permanent magnets. This research was numerically analyzed by MAXWELL V21.1. Average torque values in cases 1, 2, and 3 were increased, but vibration and noise in cases 1 and 3 were increased as the torque ripple rate increased. Considering the average torque and torque ripple rate, the torque performance of case 2 was the most optimal. Compared with Model N, the average torque of case 2 was increased by 9.1% and the torque ripple rate was reduced by 1.5%. The torque performance according to the size of air gap was compared with the basic model of case 2, which showed the best performance. An air gap of 0.7 mm applied to Model N showed the best torque performance. An additional magnet on case 2 and air gap of 0.7 mm provided the best torque performance and improved the driving motor performance for motor durability.

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Vehicle-motion-based Front Wheel Steer Angle Estimation for Steer-by-Wire System Fault Tolerance
Seungyong Choi, Wanki Cho, Seung-Han You
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(5): 347. CrossRef
Numerical Analysis of Outer-Rotor Synchronous Motors for In-Wheel E-Bikes: Impact of Number of Windings, Slot, and Permanent Magnet Shapes
Jaewoong Han, Chanyoung Jin, Insu Cho, Jinwook Lee
Applied Sciences.2024; 14(10): 4167. CrossRef

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A Study on the Smart Design and Cooling Performance of Electric Vehicle Motor Using Metal-Hybrid Materials: Sung-Hwan Bang, Dong-Ryul Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(8):595-603.
Published online August 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.039

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The aim of this study is to numerically investigate the cooling performance of the electric vehicle motor depending on the attachment of the heat sink and materials to the cooling channel. The research focused on the numerical comparison of forced convective heat transfer coefficients with case 1 (Heat Sink-None, Cooling Channel-Al), case 2 (Heat Sink-None, Cooling Channel-Metal Hybrid Material), case 3 (Heat Sink-4EA, Cooling Channel-Al), and case 4 (Heat Sink-6EA, Cooling Channel-Al). To compare the cooling performance for novel design of the smart cooling system, selected local positions for various temperature distributions were marked on the coil surface. Normalized local Nusselt number of the cooling area at the normalized width position indicated that cooling performance of case 1 was on an average 8.05, 0.57, and 5.85% lower than that of cases 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

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Vehicle-motion-based Front Wheel Steer Angle Estimation for Steer-by-Wire System Fault Tolerance
Seungyong Choi, Wanki Cho, Seung-Han You
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(5): 347. CrossRef

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Performance Analysis of the Solid Rocket Propulsion System Using Solid Modeling and Level Set Method: Kyung Moo Kim, Doo Hee Han, Min Kyum Kim; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(7):501-511.
Published online July 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.033

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The performance prediction and grain burn-back analysis of rocket motor are important steps in the designing of a solid propellant rocket motor. The grain burn-back analysis of the solid grain identifies the burning surface area at each burning step in order to predict pressure-time history of the rocket motor. In this study, the shape of propellant grains was conveniently designed based on a solid modeling program of conventional purpose and the internal ballistics analysis was performed using a Matlab code which was developed to analyze the grain burn-back for this shape model. Upon carrying several analyses for rocket motors, it was confirmed that the developed code is suitable and useful.

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Novel Design of Cooling Channel Utilizing Pin-Fin Vortex Generators in Electric Vehicle Driving Motor: Min-Gi Chu, Dong-Ryul Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(7):491-500.
Published online July 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.023

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The objective of this study was to numerically accomplish the cooling performance of an electric vehicle driving motor depending on cooling channel design. Cooling performances of novel cooling channels were compared based on the temperature of coils and cooling channels as well as convection heat transfer coefficient in electric vehicle driving motors. Local axial positions of cooling channels at three different cases were marked for numerical comparison of heat transfer coefficients. Owing to forced convection by the boundary and flow conditions, the heat transfer coefficient of Case 3 at the location where pin-fins were attached in the cooling channel was improved 85.02 and 65.77% compared to Cases 1 and 2, respectively. In Case 3 with pin-fins having 50% of cooling channel length, the maximum temperature of the coil was 4.25% lower than that of Case 2 with pin-fins having 30% of the cooling channel length and 6.98% lower than that of Case 1 without pin-fins in the cooling channel. As a result, pin-fins finally diminished the maximum temperature of coils in Cases 2 and 3. Ultimately, Case 3 showed the best cooling performance for improving vehicle driving durability and developing next-generation electric vehicle cooling system technologies.

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