The rapid growth of semiconductor and display manufacturing highlights the demand for fast, precise motion stages. Advanced systems such as lithography and bio-stages require accuracy at the μm and nm levels, but linear motor stages face challenges from disturbances, model uncertainties, and measurement noise. Disturbances and uncertainties cause deviations from models, while noise limits control gains and performance. Disturbance Observers (DOBs) enhance performance by compensating for these effects using input–output data and a nominal inverse model. However, widening the disturbance estimation bandwidth increases noise sensitivity. Conversely, the Kalman Filter (KF) estimates system states from noisy measurements, reducing noise in position feedback, but it does not treat disturbances as states, limiting compensation. To address this, we propose an Augmented Kalman Filter (AKF)–based position control for linear motor stages. The system was modeled and identified through frequency response analysis, and DOB and AKF were implemented with a PIV servo filter. Experimental validation showed reduced following error, jitter, and control effort, demonstrating the improved control performance of the AKF approach over conventional methods.

Bioengineered skeletal muscle constructs that replicate the architectural, metabolic, and contractile characteristics of native tissue are becoming essential platforms for disease modeling and advancing regenerative medicine. The creation of these constructs relies heavily on cell-mediated gel compaction, a crucial process for facilitating tissue maturation. To ensure myotube alignment, muscle cell-laden hydrogels are typically embedded in 3D-printed molds with anchor structures. However, structural detachment or rupture often occurs during culture, which undermines the stability and functional differentiation of the engineered tissue. To address these challenges, we developed an improved anchor-type mold through a series of structural optimizations. We first compared two anchor geometries—linear and mushroom-shaped pillars—within rectangular frames, finding that the mushroom-shaped design provided better structural retention. However, the rectangular frames led to excessive gel compaction, causing detachment and disrupting cellular alignment, especially in central regions. To alleviate these issues, we introduced a dumbbell-shaped mold with a narrowed midsection to better distribute mechanical stress. This new mold effectively promoted aligned myotube formation, long-term construct maintenance, and functional maturation. Our findings underscore the benefits of structurally optimized molds in creating stable engineered muscle, with significant implications for regenerative therapies and preclinical testing platforms.